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(a) Compound(s) which (i) has a black colour - NnO\(_2\) (ii) is basic oxide - MnO\(_2\) (iii) Sublime on heating - NH\(_4\)Cl (iv) dissolves in water to give a solution of pH less than 7....NH\(_4\)Cl or Pb(NO\(_3\))\(_2\) (b) The colour of each of the following aqueous solution are (i) Calcium hydroxide - colourless (ii) Iron (III) troxonitrate (V) - yellow or brownish yellow (iii) Copper (II) tetraoxosulphate (VI) - blue (iv) Potassium heptaoxodichromate (VI) - orange (c) Neutral oxide which is colourless at room temperature is water (H\(_2\)O (d) Separating funnel is used to separate two immiscible liquids. - Separating funnel - Retort stand - Mixture showing two layers - Receiver

Test Observation Inference C + water and filter Partially soluble in water. Colourless filtrate and white residue C is a mixture of soluble and insoluble salt Filtrate + litmus paper Turned blue litmus paper red Filtrate is acidic Filtrate + BaCl\(_2\) ppt + dill. HCl White precipitate precipitate insoluble CO\(_3^{2-}\), SO\(_4^{2-}\) or SO\(^{2-}_3\) present SO\(_4^{2-}\) present Filtrate + NaOH\(_{(aq)}\) + heat Gas evolved with irritating or choking or pungent smell fumed with conc. HCl or turned red litmus paper blue Gas is NH\(_3\) from NH\(_4^+\) Residue + few drops of I\(_2\) solution Blue-black or dark blue colouration starch present

(a) Titrations/Burette reading Rough Titration (cm\(^3\)) 1st Titration (cm\(^3\)) 2nd Titration (cm\(^3\)) 3rd Titration (cm\(^3\) Final 22.70 45.30 22.60 45.20 Initial 0.00 22.70 22.70 0.00 Volume of acid used 22.70 22.60 22.60 22.60 Volume of pipette used 25.0 cm\(^{3}\) 2HNO\(_{3(aq)}\) + Na\(_2\)CO\(_{3(aq)}\) \(\to\) 2NaNO\(_{3(aq)}\) + CO\(_{2(g)}\) + H\(_2\)O\(_{(l)}\) Average volume of acid used = 22.60 + \(\frac{22.60}{3}\) + 22.60 = \(\frac{67.80}{3}\) = 22.60 cm\(^3\) (b)(i) Molar mass of HNO\(_3\) = 1 + 14 + 48 = 63 g/mol concentration of A = \(\frac{6.3}{63}\) = 0.1 mol/dm\(^3\) To calculate the concentration of solution B; \(\frac{C_AV_A}{C_BV_B} = \frac{N_A}{N_B}\) C\(_A\) = 0.1 mol/dm\(^3\) C\(_B\) = ? N\(_A\) = 2 V\(_A\) = 22.60 cm\(^3\) V\(_B\) = 25.0 cm\(^3\) N\(_B\) = 1 \(\frac{0.1 \times 22.60}{C_B \times 25} = \frac{2}{1}\) C\(_B\) = \(\frac{0.1 \times 22.60}{2 \times 25} = \frac{2.26}{50}\) = 0.0452 = 0.0450 mol/dm\(^3\) (ii) Na\(_2\)CO\(_3\) = 23 x 2 + 12 + 16 x 3 = 46 + 48 = 106 g/mol Concentration of B in g/dm\(^3\) = 4.77 g/dm\(^3\) (iii) To calculate mass of Na\(^{+}\) in 1.0 dm\(^3\) Concentration of N\(^+\) in mol/dm\(^3\) = 2 x 0.0450 = 0.09 mol/dm\(^3\) Since Na, Mass of Na\(^+\) in 1.0 dm\(^3\) = 23 x 0.09 = 2.07 (iii) C is a mixture of starch and (NH\(_4\))\(_2\)SO\(_4\)

The activation energy, Ea is the energy of the transition state, (T.E) minus the reactant energy (R.E). For Catalyzed reaction, Ea = T.E - R.E = 45 - 15 = 30 For Uncatalyzed reaction, Ea = T.E - R.E = 50 - 15 = 35

pronounciation

(a) Malnutrition is caused by infections and a deficiency in the intake of nutrients or an insufficient in-take of nutrients. (b) (i) Malnutrition causes damage to the body. (ii) Malnutrition gives rise to chronic diseases in adulthood/later life. (c) (i) Pregnant and nursing women/women of childbearing age/and children should 'feed well. (ii) The baby/child should be breast fed. (iii) The baby/child should be given (enough) good-quality food (after it has been weaned).

12, Bello Sola Street, Off Aguda Lane, ljullshaga. Lagos. 22 May, 2006. Dear Sumonu, Compliment of the season. I hope you are doing fine. And how's your work, have you been moved to the company's Essex office as you wrote to tell us last month? We are all fine here in Nigeria. it is just that the economic situation in the country is not improving appreciably. Baba will be celebrating his Iwuye soon. we all hope you will come home then. Sumonu, do you know that there has been a major reform in the telecommunications industry since the last time you visited the country. Just recently. the government gave licences to private investors to operate the Global System of Mobile Telecommunications, otherwise called GSM, in the country. With this introduction, communication has been made very easy. People can make and receive calls anywhere and at any time with their mobile phones. This change has brought about positive effects in the lives of the majority of the people. You need to be here to see what I'm talking about. First, the cost of doing business in the country has been drastically reduced. People no longer pay exhorbitant fees to acquire a telephone line as was the case when NITEL was the only telecommunications service provider. As a result, prices of goods have gone down. Secondly, the introduction of GSM services has reduced the crime rate in the country. Unlike before, people can easily call in security operatives, particularly the police. in an emergency situation as they now have access to phones; do you know that carpenters, shoemakers, tailors, now carry about GSM phones. This discourages crimes such as burglary and robbery as the criminals know that they can easily be caught if a victim or his neighbour calls in the police using their mobile phones. The introduction of GSM has also reduced the rate of accidents on our roads, since people travel less. Before the introduction of GSM, people were forced to travel often, when a phone call could have taken care of or prevent such journeys, because they have no access to telephone. But now that GSM is readily available and relatively affordable, people find it easier to conduct their businesses, both private and official, on the phone and travel only when it is absolutely necessary. GSM has also increased the knowledge base of the majority of the people. Most Nigerians are now better informed about local and international events, especially government policies, as news items and information are easily disseminated through the SMS (short message service) services provided, by the GSM operators. Thus, the mobile phone owner can get news items at minimal cost on his phone at any time of the day or night. Also, the introduction of GSM has greatly reduced the financial strain on many families who have relations abroad, as they can easily and speedily get in touch with those relations when they are in need of money. There are so men other. positive effects of the GSM but which I will not be able to enumerate here. Sumonu, I hope you will take advantage of this new technology by sending money to our parents to get their own GSM, so that we can easily and often communicate with you. I am sure with the GSM, even this letter I am writing would have been unnecessary. Please extend my greetings to Bola and Bimbo. they must both be big now. I hope to hear from you soon. Yours sincerely, Gbenga

HIGH COST OF TERTIARY EDUCATION IN NIGERIA It is often said that education is the bedrock of an individual's or societal growth and development; An uneducated society is one where ineptitude and mediocrity, their negative effects such as inefficiency. low level of development, corruption, etc. thrive. Little wonder that the most industrialized or developed nations in the world today have very high literacy level among their citizens and such nations devote huge sums of money yearly to the development of education and by extension to the society. This much cannot be said of what obtains in Nigeria, as the government does the direct opposite, where very little or no attention is given to the educational development of the citizenry. Scant attention is given to tertiary education by successive governments in the country and this has impacted negative y on e society, With the cost of tertiary education ever rising due to this neglect, the problems experienced by the society as a result have continued to increase. Eight years ago, it takes, on the average, less than N15,000 to pay one's way through a course of study of four years in a university, and even less in polytechnics or colleges of education. This amount includes tuition and accommodation fees and other faculty and departmental charges. These days, N15,000 cannot even cover the tuition fee for a year of study in any university or polytechnic. Added to this is the high cost of books and other educational materials needed. Students can hardly buy the needed textbooks as a textbook might go for as high as N10,000. Recently, students in some universities protested the astronomical increase in their accommodation fees, yet these increases persisted. To run a master's programme in universities these days, a lot of money is needed. Some master's courses go for as high as N300.000 or more. A major setback of the rising cost of tertiary education in Nigeria is that it increases the illiteracy level in the society. As more and more people find it difficult to pay exorbitant school fees and buy costly books, there has been an increase in the rate of drop outs from these schools. The rising cost of tertiary education in the country has also greatly affected the quality of teaching and learning in these schools. This high cost of financing tertiary education has led to both teachers and learners cutting corners, which has given rise to the pass-at-all-cost syndrome. Another negative effect of this is that it further creates a gulf between the rich and the poor. More and more students from poor homes are having to stop school after their secondary school education while the rich can easily afford to send their children to these schools. This is not good for any society as it creates suspicion and envy among the populace, which will hamper societal growth and development. Unlike in the past, the crime rate among students in institutions of higher learning has reached an alarming level, and this had been linked with the rising cost in tertiary education. Everyday, we hear of cases of undergraduate robbery gangs, prostitution rings and cult groups, all out to make the extra Naira to help them towards their education. I believe that this rise and its attendant negative effects can be checked if government at all levels and stakeholders in the educational sector are sincere enough to address the situation. First, government must check the indiscriminate and arbitrary fee increases in institutions of higher learning. This will help reduce the burden on students and parents. The government must remove schools fees and other charges from tertiary institutions. If that is not possible. government should subsidize such fees to make them affordable. Also, local and state governments should give as many scholarship offers as possible to its brilliant and promising indigenes. The government should also devote enough fund in the yearly budget to the improvement of infrastructure in tertiary institutions. If adequate and well equipped libraries and laboratories are provided in these institutions the financial burden on the students in the area of purchase of books and needed tools will be reduced. In conclusion, it is hoped that necessary steps will be taken by all concerned to stem the tide of the rising cost of tertiary education in Nigeria and its negative effect, because a well trained citizen makes for an improved and better society. Bello Bambara SS III F

10, Adeniran Street, Aguda, Ikeja, Lagos. 22 May, 2006. The Chairman, P. T.A. Model College, Ogba, Lagos. Dear Sir, HOW TO IMPROVE LEARNING ENVIRONMENT IN MY SCHOOL I have watched with increasing dismay the steady decline in the general learning environment in my school. this I attribute to several factors. While enumerating some of these factors, I would like to suggest three key areas where the parent Teachers Association (PTA) can step in to arrest this decline and improve the learning environment in the school. Over the past few years, the school has experienced a steady deterioration in its infrastructure. Some classrooms in the school have no ceilings or windows such that the students are at the mercy of the weather When the sun is up and the weather is hot this beats down on the students because there is no ceiling and no fans. Same goes for the rainy periods when students are often drenched from the rain while in their classes due to windowless classrooms. This makes learning very difficult as concentration is very low in such situations. Thus, I want to suggest that the PTA collaborates with the school authorities to upgrade the school's infrastructure. The dilapidated school buildings should be refurbished. Also, the school library and laboratories need to be upgraded and brought up to date. This will improve the quality of learning and teaching in the school. Despite the decaying infrastructure of the school, school fees and other charges have continued to increase. This has led to increasing withdrawals from the school. The school is also no longer attracting the type of quality enrollment as others in its class because of the infrastructure decay and exorbitant school fees and other charges. This can be corrected if the school will review its fees, and this I know could be achieved if the parents work with the teachers in that direction. The PTA can also institute a scholarship scheme to help attract brilliant and serious students to the school. This will no doubt create a better learning environment as there will be a healthy rivalry among students, which will help boost the quality of learning. I have also noticed that there is a dearth of qualified and quality teachers. This is due to the fact that teachers in the school are overworked and underpaid, leading to a high rate of turnover for the teaching staff This has affected the learning and education of students. Parents can work with the school authorities to improve the teachers' welfare and general working conditions to attract and retain quality teaching staff. As the saying goes; all work and no play makes Jack a dull boy. This is quite true because in the past, our school used to be among the best in the state in academics as well as in sports. This is no longer the case as over the years sports and sporting facilities have been totally neglected. I want to suggest that parents work with teachers to revive this twin objective of the school academics and sports. The sporting facilities in the school should be refurbished and the moribund inter-house sports revived. The PTA should also purchase a bus for sporting purposes. I am sure if these three key areas are looked into the school will be the better for it. Yours faithfully, Bambara Bello

SCHOOLING IN A VILLAGE IS MORE ADVANTAGEOUS THAN SCHOOLING IN A CITY Good afternoon Mr. Chairman, Panel of Judges, Time Keeper. co-debater. fellow students, ladies and gentlemen, I am Dupe Omo representing Saint Michael's High School and I am here to support the motion which says schooling in a village is more advantageous than schooling in a city. No doubt, schooling in a village is far better than schooling in a city and I am here to convince you of this. A student who schools in the village is exposed to a conducive learning environment; all round education; is disciplined; more hard working and performs better in exams. He is also exposed to quality teachers who are dedicated and industrious. The first point to support my stand is the conducive learning environment. In the cities, there is usually overcrowding such that factories and business premises exist side by side with schools. Coupled with this is the usually heavy vehicular traffic in cities. These act as distractions to the students as there is constant noise pollution from both factories and vehicles. These noises prevent students from hearing what their teachers are teaching them, thus preventing proper learning. In the village, you do not have such problems and so students are better focused on their lectures. A good quality, all round education includes not only classroom teachings and lectures but also outdoor activities like sports and games. As the saying goes, all work and no play, makes Jack a dull boy. Education or schooling in the city certainly produces dull and unimaginative students as city schools do not have sporting facilities, unlike what you have in the village schools. Because of space constraint, schools in the cities do not have sporting facilities, there is just space for the classrooms and laboratories. Thus, city schools hardly organise or take part in inter-house sports or inter-school sporting events. This is not good for quality education as it might lead to brain fatigue. Village schools, on the other hand have enough space to build sporting complexes that help students to have an all-round development. Discipline, the bedrock of any organisation. especially schools, is often missing in city schools. Students from city schools are often very unruly, they lack discipline. unlike what obtains in village schools. Students in city schools are often perpetual late corners to school and they blame this on the traffic jams experienced in the cities. Their manner of dressing also depicts the foreign influence they are exposed to through television programmes and movies. To make the situation worse is the fact that teachers can hardly discipline these students because of fear of been sacked by school proprietors or harassed by parents, whose modern idea of schooling is that the teachers should merely teach, and nothing more. This is not the case in village schools as the whole community. including the schools, look out for one another. The parents know the teachers and vice versa and an erring student can be punished by the teacher without the school or parents frowning at it because they know the teacher has their interest at heart. Little wonder that today, we have more cult groups in city schools than we have in village schools. Also, schooling in the village is more advantageous than schooling in the city because village schools have more committed and dedicated teachers than the city school teachers, who are often driven by greed to take on other jobs to supplement their salaries. Thus, teachers in city schools often have two or three other jobs apart from their teaching jobs. This is not good for both the teacher and the students; the teacher is often distracted and fatigued and unable to teach properly. which tells on the learning process of the students. This is not the case in village schools. To buttress my argument, most tertiary institutions are established in rural areas, away from the distracting influence of the cities, in recognition of the need for total concentration for a qualitative education. And I want to conclude by saying that setting up schools in villages and rural areas should be encouraged for the reasons above. Mr. Chairman, Panel of Judges, ladies and gentlemen, with these points of mine, I hope I have been able to convince you that schooling in a village is more advantageous than schooling in a city. Thank you.

AS ONE MAKES ONE'S BED SO ONE MUST LIE ON IT There lived, a long time ago, two half-brothers named Tolu and Tola. The two were age mates. The two brothers sho the same father, who died when they were both still small. but different mothers. Like all kids, Tolu and Tola were yer, troublesome and they get into trouble easily, but while Tolu's mother. Mama Agba, was very strict and meted out appropriate punishments for Tolu's wrongdoings, Tola got away with most of his pranks because s mother. Marna Kekere, was very protective of him. She wouldn't punish him or allow him to be punished. Mama Kekere always had an explanation to excuse Tola's behaviour. Tolu and Tola attended the same school. While Tolu was well behaved in school, listening attentively to his lessons. doing his class works and home works correctly, Tola is always very playful in class; he is always among the noisemakers and he wouldn't do his home works. And the mother never cared to monitor Tola's school activities, unlike Mama Agba: who monitors Tolu's works. One day in school, Tola's teacher caught him cheating in class; he was copying a friend's assignment. The teacher scored Tola and his friend zero for this and also punished the two boys. When Tola got home that day he lied to his mother that he did his homework properly but that the teacher scored him zero. The mother was so angry that the next day she followed Tola to the school and spoke angrily to the teacher. She wouldn't believe the teacher when he told her her child was caught cheating in the class. It took the intervention of the headmaster to prevent Mama Kekere from physically assaulting Tola's teacher. The headmaster. who was so surprised by Mama Kekere's actions, advised her that such behaviour and action send the wrong signal to the child, as the child might form the notion that he can do anything and get away with it. "No. my Tola is different, he is always a good boy." retorted Mama Kekere. "Ok madam. replied the Headmaster. "I just thought you should be more cautious the way you handle your kid. Tola's mother wasn't happy with this, she felt the headmaster was taking sides with his teacher and she angrily left his office, promising to deal with anybody who dared to touch her Tola again. In the secondary school, Tola began to associate with bad boys in school and they were involved in lots of truancy, smoking, drinking, stealing and all such vices. Tola began to miss classes and keep late nights, drinking and smoking with his gang. Mama Agba, who noticed Tola's strange behaviour. one day called Tola's mother and told her about it, but Mama Kekere was not happy with Tolu's mother. claiming that she was jealous of Tola's popularity and liveliness. Mama Agba replied by warning Tola's mother that she would eventually regret her pampering of her son as it was bound to destroy his future and life and eventually that of Mama Kekere. Tola was eventually caught by the police during a burglary operation and was detained in the cell where he escaped. The police immediately arrested his mother and locked her up in a cell until the son was found. Meanwhile, Tolu sat for the SSCE exams and the UME and when the results were released. he passed both and was offered admission in a university. Tola's mother was in the cell when she heard about Tolu's performance and she started to weep because she knew it could have been Tola if only she had been a better mother. It was while crying that she remembered the words of the old woman who once admonished her thus: "My child, what you are doing concerning your child is bad. Remember. as one makes ones bed so one must He on it.'

(a) He wanted a short cut (back to school). (b) He thought that he had come upon a school boy who had broken a school rule/one of his students. OR He thought that he had come upon a miscreant. (c) The boy appeared to be crying. (d) The night watchman turned out to be a creature/being without a face or a faceless being/creature or a creature similar to/resembling the one which Mr. Oliver encountered in the pine forest. (e) The irony is that it was the night watchman he was pleased to see that brought about his heart attack/disaster. (f) It refers to a face without features/a face without eyes, ears. eyebrows. OR It refers to the watchman's face. (g) (i) Adjectival/Relative clause. (ii) Qualifying/ Modifying (the noun) "people (h) (i) miscreant - culprit, offender, wrong-doer. delinquent (ii) sensed - felt, thought, perceived (iii) concern - worry. anxiety, uneasiness (iv) rocked - shaken. agitated. convulsed (v) scrambled - stumbled, staggered.

(a) Theyare determined to see their children succeed. They would like their children to succeed. (b) (i) They enroll their young children in after-school activities. (ii) Special tutoring is given to children. (c) The children get involved in drinking, drugs and become rebellious. (d) Because they feel neglected/they lack parental attention and or love. (e) The efforts achieve the opposite of what is intended. OR the efforts result in the children's unhappiness. (f) What the children lose is more valuable than what they get from their parents. (g) (i) Adverbial clause (of concession) (ii) Modifying (the verb) "lack". (h) (i) effects - results. consequences (i1) eager - anxious, determined, keen (iii) prospects - opportunities, chances (iv) raised - brought up, reared. nurtured, bred (v) essential - important, valuable (vi) resentment - bitterness. annoyance. anger. indignation.

(a) Malnutrition is caused by infections and a deficiency in the intake of nutrients or an insufficient in-take of nutrients. (b) (i) Malnutrition causes damage to the body. (ii) Malnutrition gives rise to chronic diseases in adulthood/later life. (c) (i) Pregnant and nursing women/women of childbearing age/and children should 'feed well. (ii) The baby/child should be breast fed. (iii) The baby/child should be given (enough) good-quality food (after it has been weaned).

A deficiency in vitamin E can lead to hemolytic anemia and neurological deficits. Night blindness can be caused by a deficiency in vitamin A. Vitamin A is essential for the production of pigments in the retina that help you see in low light. Vitamin K is essential for the production of proteins that help the blood clot, and a deficiency leads to impaired coagulation. A major disease caused by severe vitamin C deficiency is scurvy. Scurvy is a disease caused by a severe and prolonged deficiency of vitamin C, leading to symptoms like fatigue, bleeding gums, skin hemorrhages, and impaired wound healing.