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At high temperature and low pressure, the vanderwaal equation is reduced to ideal gas equation. i.e, [P + \(\frac{a}{v^2}\)] [v - b] = RT is reduced to PV = nRT Generally, a gas behaves more like an ideal gas at higher temperature and lower pressure as the potential energy due to intermolecular forces, it becomes less significant compared with the particles kinetic energy and the size of the molecules, then it becomes less significant compared to the empty space between them.

When ΔH is negative, heat is liberated to the surrounding and it connotes an exothermic reaction. ΔH = −ve

\(^{226}_{88}Ra\) → \(^x_{86}Rn\) + \(^4_{2}He\) \(^4_{2}He\) = alpha particle considering the summation of the mass number 226 = x + 4 x = 226 - 4 x = 222

The ammonia (NH\(_3\)) molecule has a trigonal pyramidal shape, with the three hydrogen atoms and the nitrogen atom forming a pyramid, and a lone pair of electrons on the nitrogen atom. Trigonal pyramidal and trigonal planar are distinct molecular geometries; trigonal planar has three atoms bonded to a central atom in a flat, triangular arrangement, while trigonal pyramidal has three atoms and one lone pair around the central atom, resulting in a pyramid shape.

Recall that mass deposited = \(\frac{MmIt}{96500n}\) Mm =108, t = 4830s I = 10A, n = 1 m = 108 \times 10 \times (\(\frac{4830}{96500}\)) \times 1 m = 54.0g

C5H12 has 5 carbons acid 12 hydrogens. 2–methyl butane No of carbon=5 No of hydrogen=12

Xanthopreitic test for the presence of protein, when conc nitric acid is added to the drop, an intense yellow colouration is observed. It contains all the functional group of protein which includes the amino, alkanol and the carboxylic group. Adding few drops of conc HNO3 to a protein, gives an intense yellow colouration. It is called Xanthopreitic test.

PH = - Log[ H+ ] PH + POH =14 POH = 14 - 3.8 POH = 10.2 POH = - Log[ OH- ] 10.2 = - Log[ OH- ] 10-10.2 = [ OH- ] [ OH- ] = 6.3 x 10-11

C2H5OH → CH3CHO → CH3COOH Ethanol.....oxidation Ethanal........Ethanoic Acid Primary alcohol oxidises to aldehyde and later to carboxylic acid. Secondary alcohol oxidises to ketones. Ethanol is an example of primary alcohol and primary alcohol can be oxidised to aldehyde and carboxylic acid. Wherein, incomplete oxidation of primary alcohol yields aldehyde also known as alkanal while complete oxidation of primary alcohol yields carboxylic acid.

This is a solution formed from the hydrolyses of an alkali in water.

m = \(\frac{Mm \times Q}{96500n }\) where Q = IT M = Mm × \(\frac{Q}{96500n}\) where m = mass Mm = Molar mass Q = Quantity of electricity n = number of change= +1 \(\frac{M}{Mm}\) = mole = \(\frac{mass}{Molarmass}\) \(\frac{M}{Mm}\) = \(\frac{Q}{96500n}\) = \(\frac{9650}{96500n}\) × 1 = \(\frac{1}{10}\) = 0.1mol

Alkanes undergoes substitution reaction and it is an example of halogenation substitution reaction. Reaction of halogen with alkane in the presence of sunlight (ultraviolet) is termed halogenation. Halogenation is an example of substitution reaction. In addition, alkanes only undergo substitution reaction but not addition reaction.

Starch is hydrolyzed by dilute acids to yield a mixture of dextrin (a shorter chain intermediate product), disaccharides (mainly maltose) and glucose. Further hydrolysis will eventually give glucose. Hydrolysis of starch to dextrin and maltose can also be brought about by the enzyme amylase present in saliva and in malt.

Alkyl group has the general formula CnH2n + 1. This formed when one hydrogen is removed from the alkane family. It has the general formula CnH2n + 1

Iron [Fe] reacts with H2 in the presence of oxygen to form a rust. 4Fe + 3O2 → 2 Fe2O2 Fe2O3 + H2O → Fe2O3.H2O