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A hydrometer is an instrument used for measuring the relative density of liquids based on the concept of buoyancy. A hygrometer measures humidity, the amount of water vapor in air

N - S magnet is moved towards a coil production clockwise direction of current in the coil. - This is the same as a coil moved away from S-N (Y - North pole)

Atoms are neutral; they contain the same number of protons as electrons.

the diagram above is an experimental set up for verifying lens formula

Given that refractive index = 1.5, angle of incidence = 30^\circ, angle of refraction =? using snell's law = refractive index = \(\frac{sini}{sinr}\) =\(\frac{1}{n } = \frac{sin30}{sinr}\) = \(sinr = 1.5\times sin 30\) r = \(sin^10.75\) = 48.6^\circ this is because ray is traveling from a more denser medium to a less dense medium

ripple tank experiment can be used to demonstrate the following properties of waves: Reflection Refraction Diffraction

Frequency remains unchanged as waves travel from one medium to another because it is characterized by the source of the wave.

polarization, property of certain electromagnetic radiations(such as radio waves, visible light, and gamma rays) in which the direction and magnitude of the vibrating electric field are related in a specified way

Where 3mols of H2So4 = 1 mol of (Al2SO4)3 y mols of H2SO4 = 0.5 mol of (Al2SO4)3 Then cross multiply to have: y = \(\frac{3\times0.5}{1}\) y = 1.5 moles

Recall: V = \(\sqrt{\frac{3RT}{M}}\) \(\therefore V \propto \frac{1}{\sqrt{M}}\) \(V = \frac{k}{\sqrt{M}}\) V = \(\frac{k}{M^{\frac{1}{2}}}\)

The ionisation energy is the minimum energy required to remove the most loosely bound electron of an isolated gaseous atom, positive ion, or molecule. Fluorine has the highest ionization energy when assessed through the trend on the periodic table.

Properties of a good standard solution High purity. Stability (low reactivity) Low hygroscopicity (to minimize weight changes due to humidity) High equivalent weight (to minimize weighing errors) Non-toxicity. Ready and cheap availability. High molecular mass

Cation which is lower in the series (less electropositive) will show a greater tendency to be discharged.

Isomers of Butene: are But-1-ene, But-2-ene, 2-Methylpropene / 2-methylprop-1-ene

C\(_x\)H\(_y\) + (x + y/4)O\(_2\) \(\to\) x CO\(_2\) + y/2 H\(_2\)O 89.6 dm\(^3\) \(\to\) x moles CO\(_2\) 22.4 dm\(^3\) \(\to\) 1 mole CO\(_2\) x = \(\frac{89.6}{22.4}\) = 4 moles CO\(_2\) 54g of H\(_2\)O \(\to\) k moles H\(_2\)O 18g H\(_2\)O \(\to\) 1 mole H\(_2\)O k = \(\frac{54}{18}\) = 3 moles H\(_2\)O From the equation above, x = 4 k = y/2 = 3 y/2 = 3 \(\implies\) y = 6 \(\therefore\) The hydrocarbon C\(_x\)H\(_y\) = C\(_4\)H\(_6\)