Question Library

(a)(i) Graham's Law of diffusion states that the rate of diffusion of a gas is inversely related r to the square root of the density of the gas (ii) The density becomes lighter. If the system is cooled, the product becomes lighter in colour. In each of the above answers. nitrogen(IV) is specimen and the second specimen is dinitrogen tetraoxide (b)(i) The air in the balloon expanded as the temperature is increased (ii) At the top of the mountains, the pressure is lower than the atmospheric pressure which prevails at the base of tile mountain, such that the liquid starts bubbling or boiling at lower temperature than that obtained at base of the mountain. (c)(i) Two gaseous reducing agents are carbon(II) oxide and sulphur (IV) oxide. (ii) 3CO\(_{(g)}\) + Fe\(_2\)O\(_3\) \(\to\) 2Fe\(_{(s)}\) + 3CO\(_{2(s)}\); SO\(_{2(g)}\) + 2HNO\(_{3(aq)}\) --> H\(_2\)SO\(_{4(aq)}\) + 2NO\(_{2(g)}\)

(a)(i) Aluminium is usad for making cooking utensils because of its cheapness, low density, good appearance and good conductivity of heat and resistant to attack by cooking solutions. Aluminium is also used for making paint because of its shining nature. (ii) Aluminium oxide is said to be amphoteric because it can exhibit both acidic and basic characters. (b) The electrolysis of fused calcium chloride. (ii) At cathode Ca\(^{2+}\) + 2\(^-\) \(\to\) Ca (reduction) At anode 2Cl\(^1\) \(\to\) Cl\(_2\) + 2e\(^-\) (an oxidation) (iii) Calcium fluoride is an impurity in the electrolysis of the fused calcium chloride to the pure calcium. (c) x, w, z, y

(a) A standard solution is one whose concentration is known. (i) Sodium hydroxide is deliquescent ie. absorbs water or CO\(_2\), from the atmosphere and this would add to the weight hence cannot be used as a primary standard. 2NaOH\(_{(s)}\) + 9H\(_2\)O + CO\(^2\) \(\to\) Na\(_2\)CO\(_3\) + 10H\(_2\)O. (b)(i) -By grinding to powder -Heating dnd shaking -Stirring vigorously. (ii) (c) It will turn from white to grey (ii) The precipitate will dissolve to give a colour solution.

Test Observation Inference (a) H + water stirred and filtered filtrate + litmus Partially soluble forming a black solid and colourless filtrate Blue litmus turned red Soluble component is acidic (b)(i) Filtrate + acidified KMnO\(_4\) and warmed The KnO\(_4\) is decolourised Filtrate or water Soluble component is a reducing agent (ii) Filtrate + saturated NaHCO\(_{3(aq)}\) Effervescence occurs liberating a colourless gas which turns lime water milky Gas is CO\(_2\) and the functional group present is alkanoic acid - COOH (c)(i) - Residue + dil. Hcl Effervescence occurs liberating a colourless odourless gas which gives a pop sound with burning splint Gas is hydrogen from a metal (ii) Solution from C(i) + NaOH aqueous Dirty green ppt. insoluble in excess NaOH\(_{(aq)}\) The green colour probably due to Fe\(^{2+}\), Fe\(^{2+}\) present (ii) Brown fumes NO\(_2\) will be produced and the residue will dissolve to form a brown solution

Volume of pipette (G) = 25.00cm\(^3\) (a) The average volume of F used = 24.80cm\(^3\) (b)(i) Molar mass of NaOH = 40g/mol Given that solution G contains 1.00g of NaOH in 250cm\(^3\) of solution = 4.00g in 1000cm\(^3\) of solution molar concentration of G \(\frac{4}{40}\) = 0.100 mol. dm\(^{-3}\) (ii) The equation of the reaction is H\(_2\)CX\(_{(aq)}\) + 2NaOH\(_{(aq)}\) + 2H\(_2\)O \(\frac{\text{concentration of F x volume of F}}{\text{concentration of G x volume of G}}\) = mole ratio of \(\frac{F}{G}\) \(\frac{C_1 \times 24.80}{0.100 \times 25.00}\) = \(\frac{1}{2}\) C\(_1\) = \(\frac{0.100 \times 25.00}{24.80 \times 2}\) C\(_1\) = 0.0504m concentration of F = 0.504 mol dm\(^{-3}\) (iii) Molar mass of H\(_2\)X\(_3\) Given that 1000cm\(^3\) 1000 cm\(^3\) of solution of F \(\to\) 0.485 of acid 1000cm\(^3\) of sol. of F \(\to\) 485 x \(\frac{100}{10}\) = 4.85g/dm\(^3\) Molar mass of H\(_2\)X = \(\frac{\text{mass concentration}}{molarity}\) \(\frac{4.85 g/dm^3}{0.050mol/dm^{-3}}\) = 96 gmol\(^{-1}\)

The passage is primarily about beggars/mendicants in urban society, but it begins with a detailed description of a young man who appears to be mentally disturbed. It then broadens the discussion to different categories of people begging in society.

(i) over one hundred and fifty eight million books from external agencies are not enough to meet the educational demand in the third world countries. (ii) Children sold their shoes to get admitted into classes (iii) An African chief and his chiefs stood outside, with their own chairs because of lack of space. (iv) There are more students than there were people residing in cities in the United States. (b)(i) Vocations which used to require strength and intelligence now require academic qualification. (ii) Educational achievement which was the special right of few is now a general achievement.

WHY OUR SCHOOL FOOTBALL TEAM LOST TO THE UNDERDOG. It was never expected that our football team will lose the final match in the last inter-school football competition. In the state, our school was rated high by lovers of football because of our performances in the competition over the years. Our school had won the cup four times consecutively and this year our confidence was built on the fact that we were going to play with St Peter's High School, a team which had been rated low among the teams in the state. But at last, we lost the match and it is part of history in the state that our hitherto formidable team lost to the underdog. The reasons why our team lost the match are not far fetched. Our team was over-confident. After the semi-final match which we won against Corona High School team which was also one of the highly rated teams in the state, our boys relaxed and all the attempts to gather them to practise could not materialise. The team's coach also shared the views of the players that the final match would be a walk over. Our boys regarded the semi-final match as the final match as they thought that the final match against St. Peter's High School team will not pose any problem. Over-confidence of our team became our undoing as the opponent team rattled our defence and scored the first goal in the fifteenth minute of the first half of the match. The goal destabilised our boys as they struggled to find their feet. They could not score a goal throughout the match as they played out of form, each of them playing out his skill individually. This was our second undoing. Our boys lacked proper co-ordination of their various skills. They failed to play the game as a team and many of their passes were wrongly coordinated as they could not connect one another. Another reason is that they easily gave up as there were bickerings and disagreement among our players. The mistake which the captain of the team made in his passes of the ball irritated many of the of the players and this affected the morale of the players. After the second goal against our team, our boys played lazily and could not find their feet throughout the game. At the end of the match we lost to the underdog team with five goals. There are some lessons we have to learn from the match. Firstly, the need for adequate preparations before any match can not be over emphasized. We should not be over-confident to go to the field of play without making adequate preparations. Secondly, nobody can predict an outcome of a football match as it is not Mathematics. Thirdly. we should not under-rate any team as it is possible for a low rated team to spring up a surprise on the field of play. Bilikisu Adeyinka SS3C

. LOOK BEFORE YOU LEAP Maria Kobina was the first daughter of her parents. She was loved by her parents who did everything to keep her happy by giving her all she demanded. Her parents relied on her to lead other children in the family with good examples to follow. Maria was sent to school because her parents believed in education. After the completion of her primary education, they sent her to a boarding school. Her parents used to visit her in the school always. They took proper care of her by providing everything she needed so that Maria could face her studies seriously. In school, Maria had a friend called Julie who came from a very poor family. Julie lacked so many things. Though Julie was an indigent student, she was satisfied with what her parents could provide for her. In the first three years of Maria's stay in school, Julie was her only intimate friend while others were just mere classmates. When Maria got promoted to SS2, her attitude and outlook changed. She started going to parties with some wayward girls who were her classmates. At one of the parties, she met Festus and they became lovers. Unknown to Maria, Festus was a houseboy to a rich man who entrusted him with all his belongings, including his fleet of cars. Festus always claimed that he was the only son of the rich man and because he always visited Maria in one flashy car or the other, Maria got infatuated with him. One day, Maria informed Julie, her friend, whom she had almost neglected, about her love affair with Festus. Julie warned her friend against mistaking superficial love for a genuine one. Maria failed to listen to Julie's advice and before long she got pregnant for Festus. When-she told Festus that she was pregnant, it was too late and the pregnancy could not be aborted. Maria kept her pregnancy in secrecy and none of her friends and teachers could detect that she was pregnant because she always tucked out her blouse to conceal the pregnancy. When the pregnancy was about five months old and both the students and teachers became aware, Maria went to see Festus in his master's house. "Let us run away to my parent's home and we will be there until you are delivered of the baby Festus suggested. Maria wondered whether the rich man's house was not the home that Festus was talking about. Do you mean that I should come and stay here in your father's house in the same town where my parents and mates will find me out?" Maria asked in confusion "In my parents home in a village in Cross River State", Festus replied. It was after Festus' reply that Maria now realised that she had been deceived to believe that Festus was the son of the rich man. She wept bitterly and regretted that she had not looked before leaping.

St. Nicholas Grammar School Ohafia Imo State. 15th May, 1992. The Principal St. Nicholas Grammar School Ohafia. Dear Sir, STUDENTS' COMPLAINTS AGAINST THE TEACHING STAFF I wish to bring to your notice the complaints of the students against the teaching staff. As the senior prefect of the school, I have heard several complaints against the members of the teaching staff of the school. My office has been inundated with a lot of grievances, some of them written down in form of a protest letter and some verbally. The first complaint is that many teachers fail to attend classes to teach the students. The fact is that they are either absent from school or they refuse to come out of the staff-room to teach the students during their various class periods. They are always absent from classes and this has resulted in students being idle most of the time. In most cases, the students are left unoccupied to roam the school compound. The second grievance of the students is that teachers come late to school everyday. Most days, students do not have teachers on duty to conduct the morning devotion for them. Therefore, the students are left to go to classes without the normal morning assembly and prayers. This also affects the first two lessons which most students miss simply because teachers come late to school. Similarly, there are cases of teachers coming late to school in the morning and when they eventually come, they will sit down in the staff-room discussing irrelevant things instead of going to their classes. The students also complained about teachers' lazy attitude and failure to prepare adequately before going to teach. Many of them do not have lesson notes and when they have, the notes are haphazardly prepared. This has made their teaching disjointed and uninteresting according to the students. There are other grievances such as male teachers making love advances to female students. I would want you to investigate this allegation properly. In view of all these complaints. I would be shrinking in my responsibilities if I fail to inform you that the students are planning secretly to riot. In order to avert this riot, therefore. I would be delighted if you could correct all these anomalies so as to bring sanity and restore a sense of duty in the members of the teaching staff. Please sir. it demands urgent attention as nothing else can make the students change their minds. Your faithfully, (Signature) Chukwuma Nnoli.

CIVIL RULE IS PREFERABLE TO MILITARY RULE Good morning. the Chairman. President of the Political Science Association, Head of Department, Political Sci-ence, Students, invited Guests, Ladies and Gentlemen. I am delighted to be in your midst this day to support the motion which states: 'Civil Rule is Preferable to Military Rule. Civil rule refers to governance according to a body of laws and rules popularly known as constitution which guides the conduct of government in a country. There is no doubt that civil rule or democracy is the most acceptable form of government throughout the whole world today. In fact, civil rule is the antithesis of military rule which is the governance of a country through the barrel of the gun. Democracy or civil rule has its own peculiarities and attractions. Civil rule as aptly defined by Abraham Lincoln is the "government of the people by the people and for the people" In a democracy. power resides in the people through which they have the right to exercise their voting rights. The common people have the right to choose their representatives in the legislative and executive arms of government. These political rights can never be violated in a genuine democracy. The citizens have control over the excesses of their rulers and they can curb their excesses by voting any abominable government out of office or by impeaching it. On the contrary, military rule violates the rights of the citizens. It legitimizes the use of force and the citizens are ruled under the military, by the whims and caprices of the soldiers who subject the civil society to the rigidity of the laws of the barracks. The soldiers are not answerable to the citizens, unlike civil leaders who are accountable to the citizens from whom they get their powers. In addition to this. civil rule promotes the formulation and implementation of good policies and programmes that are people oriented. Civil leaders think only of the benefit that the people they govern can derive from a programme before they implement it. The military does not consider it as most of its programmes are formulated and implemented in accordance with the whim of the military administrator. In this way, civil rule ensures the employment of good hands in governance. Civil leaders are usually tested hands who have proved themselves one way or the other in their chosen fields of human endeavour and professions. They bring their expertise and diverse professional experiences to bear on governance. Therefore, they always embark on enduring and long-lasting programmes and projects. The soldiers are shortsighted. This makes their projects to be mere fanciful and white-elephant ones that are transient in values and qualities. Democracy, if allowed to thrive is the most stable form of government. It guarantees all the fundamental human rights, press freedom inclusive. as it is written in the constitution of the country. These rights are grossly violated under the military who continually roll out decrees and edicts with the aim of silencing the people. The vogue today, Chairman, Ladies and Gentlemen, as far as governance is concerned is democracy. A nation wh is still under a military dictatorship is always regarded as a pariah nation. The people, the world over, want to have who a say in how they are ruled. It is civil rule that can give them this opportunity. Military rule only denies them this opportunity. This reason and other ones earlier mentioned make civil rule preferable to military. Thank you

3 Adeyemi Alao Street Okeira, Aguda Titun Lagos 7th August, 1992 Dear uncle, I know that you must have been wondering why you have not read from me recently. I am indeed very sorry for my failure to write to you since I changed from Abeokuta Community High School to Okeira Grammar School six weeks ago. I am just settling down in my new school. I know that you may be thinking about what could have led me to change my school. Uncle the reasons are not far fetched. As you know that I am a science student and that the science syllabus is very wide. I need a school where there are enough teachers teaching these science subjects and a school which has got a track record of laudable achievements in science. In my former school, however, the teachers handling these subjects are inexperienced and incompetent, going by my estimation and rating. Furthermore, my former school lacks good laboratories and a library. Imagine a school with only one laboratory being used for all the three main science subjects. To make the matter worse, this laboratory was not equipped and whenever we were going to have our practical lessons, we usually go to the neighboring school for them. However, since my resumption in the new school, I always have the feeling that I have got to a school of my choice. There are lots of interesting things about my new school but I will mention only three of them One of them is the availability of competent and qualified teachers. There are enough science teachers and two for each of the science subjects, one teacher handles the practicals while the other handles the theoretical aspect. The methods of teaching by these teachers, to say the least, are fantastic. Other subjects are also handled by hardworking and dedicated teachers. Regular assignments are given to us after every lesson. Secondly. my new school has reliable laboratories and a big functioning library with relevant and up-to-date text-books. Any science student has access to the equipment in the laboratories and we are free to borrow books from the library. Thirdly, the school environment is conducive to learning The classrooms are very spacious with ceiling fans and other facilities meant to make students comfortable There is a football field good toilets for students and a big assembly hall with public address systems. Uncle, I know that you will now understand why I had to change my school. How are your business and family? I hope that things are going on very well Extend my greetings to your children and wife. Yours sincerely, Dele.

THE RECENT FIRE OUTBREAK AT AJENIPA MARKET The inferno that burnt down the Ajenipa market in Ajebamide town recently has caused a lot of anguish and sorrow in the town. It was such a terrible and calamitous fire that brought destruction of properties and commodities worth millions of naira and a suicide case on its trail Just last week, a woman who lost all that she had in the market committed suicide because of what she described in her suicide note as "a great loss." The fire started at 12.30pm in the afternoon when the market was in progress. I was in one of the provision shops adjourning the electrical appliances shops. The inferno started in one of these electrical shops due to wrong connection which led to a great explosion. What started as a mere explosion resulted in fire which razed down the whole market. When the shop where the fire started. was engulfed in fire, the shop owner and those who were there with him shouted fire! fire!! fire!!! A pandemonium started as traders and customers run helter skelter,. People run for their lives out of fear instead of putting out the fire and nipping it in the bud. The fire spread quickly to the next shop which, unfortunately, contained a ferry can of petrol concealed in one of the corners. This further helped the spread of the fire which spread uncontrollably to other parts of the market. The situation became worse as some shops near the electrical shop harboured explosives like carbide. The fire became a great conflagration within an hour and before the fire fighters could come around, looking for water to combat the fire. the whole market had been razed down. However, further occurrence of such outbreak of fire should be averted The market would have been saved if in shops had not been built so close to one another. This makes the fire to spread so rapidly. The shops should be built n blocks leaving a gap between one another. There should also be an enlightenment campaign organised for traders on how to put out fire instead of running into a stampede whenever there is a fire outbreak. A system of evacuating goods and people out of the market in case of a fire outbreak should be introduced in the market. Finally. fire brigades should be positioned near the market and they should be equipped with all the necessary facilities to combat fire in an emergency.

(a)(i) Age (ii) Sex (b)(i) The barons provide money and tools for (violent)/armed robbers (ii) They shield drug-couriers from being prosecuted when caught. (c) The unemployed, the poor and males between teenage age and early thirties (d)(i) No (ii) The writer argued that crimes committed by people on the lower socio-economic strata attract severe penalties while offences limited to people from high socio-economic ladder attract less severe penalties. (e)(i) Metaphor (ii) They train and send out or make use of people who kill others and destroy lives and property in the society. (f)(i) Pertinent - relevant, crucial, necessary (ii) Agile - Active, able, smart (iii) desperate - impatient, lawless prevalent - common, commonly found (v) severe - harsh, serious.

(a) It is a long - legally established and universally accepted unit or union (b)(i) Independence or freedom. (ii)bondage (C)(i) Arrangement or agreement by man and woman to live together for sometime before getting married legally. (ii)Either of the partners can call-off or quit the union with ease. (d)(i) unfavourable economic situations eg high cost of living. (ii) Laws that give room for having children outside wedlock. (iii) High cost of living. (e)(i) Relative clause (ii) It qualifies the. noun ladies (f)(i) globe - world, universe (ii) stigma - disgrace, ridicule, shame (iii) an alternative - another choice, (iv) enact - promulgate, make, (v) survey - examination, study.