Question Library

(a)(i) Ethene or C\(_2\)H\(_4\) (ii) Glucose C\(_6\)H\(_{12}\)O\(_6\). (b) Producer gas and water gas.

(a) X + (4X - 2) = -1 X - 8 = -1 X = +8 - 1 = +7 (b)(i) Aluminium or calcium or sodium or potassium or magnesium. (ii) Conductors Electrolytes (1) They are not decomposed by electric current Decomposed by the passage of current. (2) They are usually solids (3) Free electrons conduct the current Decomposed by the passage of current They are molten or aqueous solution Mobile ions conduct the current.

(a)(i) An effective collision is one that results in the formation of the product(s) (ii) \(\Delta\)G Stands for free energy change. \(\Delta\)H stands for change in heat content or enthalpy; T\(\Delta\)S stands for the entropy term (iii) The system is in a state of (dynamic) equilibrium (b)(i) Le Chatelier's principle states that if a chemical system is in equilibrium and one of the factors involved in the system is altered, the equilibrium position will shift so as to annul the effect of the change. (ii) (1) Increase the pressure (2) Concentration (3) Lower the temperature. (iii) KC = \(\frac{[A_2B]^2}{[A_2]^2[B_2]}\) or KP \(\frac{P^2A_2B}{P^2A_2PB_2}\) (c)(i) Sawdust has a larger surface area than a log of wood of the same mass. Since reaction rate increases with increase in surface area hence the sawdust burns out faster. (ii)(i) Grind/Pulverise the wire that will make the particle smaller (2) Heat the reaction mixture or increase in temperature (3) Use a more concentrated acid (iii)(i) Decomposition of silver halides/trioxonitrate (v) (ii) Reaction of methane with chlorine.

(a)(i) They are used for fuels (ii) Butane (iii) General formula C\(_n\)H\(_{2n + 2}\) or C\(_x\)H\(_{2x + 2}\) 2x + 2 = 22; x = 222 x = 10; Formula is C\(_{10}\)H\(_{22}\) and Molar mass = (12 x 10) + (1 x 22) = 142g (iv) Addition reaction (2) combustion (b)(i) Hydrogenation or addition of hydrogen (ii) To decolorize or bleach it (iii) Finely divided nickel (c)(i) Alkanoates (ii) Vegetable oils and caustic soda or potash solution is then added later to salt out or separate the soap (from the glycerol) (iii) The presence of Ca\(^{2+}\) in water causes hardness. The ion react with soap to form a precipitate (scum) until all the Ca\(^{2+}\) is removed. The soap does not form a lather and is thus wasted

(a)(i) An acid is a compound which produces hydroxonium ions in aqueous solutions (ii)(1) Reacts with metal above hydrogen in dilute form to liberate hydrogen (2) Reacts with bases to form salt and water only (3) It liberates CO\(_2\) from trioxocarbonate (IV) Salts (iii)(i) For making fertilizer (ii) For making drugs in pharmaceutical industries (b)(i) Put dil. tetraoxosulphate (VI) acid in a beaker and add zinc oxide until more of the oxide dissolves. Filter off excess oxide. Pour filtrate in an evaporating dish and heat to concentrate it. Cool to obtain crystals. Filter off crystals and dry between filter paper. (i) ZnO + 2HCI \(\to\) ZnCl\(_2\) + H2O (ii) ZnO + 2NaON \(\to\) Na\(_2\)ZnO\(_2\) + H\(_2\)O (c)(i) Displacement or Redox reaction (ii) From the equation 160g of CuSO\(_4\) reacts with 65g of Zn 8g of CuSO\(_4\) would react with \(\frac{65 \times 8}{160} = 3.25g\)

(a)(i) (1) Position of ions in the activity series or electrochemical series (2) The concentration of ion in the electrolyte (3) Nature of electrode. (ii) The impure copper is made up of the anode in electrolyte while strips of pure copper act as cathode. The electrolyte is copper (II) tetraoxosulphate (VI) solution. During electrolysis, the impure copper anode dissolves and copper ions are transferred to the cathode when they are discharged and deposited on the pure copper. At the anode Cu \(\to\) Cu\(^{2+}\) + 2e\(^+\) At the cathode Cu\(^{2+}\) + 2e\(^{2+}\) \(\to\) Cu (b) Current flowing(amps) Time of current flow (secs) Quantity of electricity (coulombs) Mass of metal M deposited (gram) 0.20 0.20 0.20 0.20 900 1800 2700 3600 180 360 540 720 0.06 0.12 0.18 0.24 (ii) (iii) Quantity of electricity passing for 20 minutes = (20 x 60) Sec. X 0.2 = 240 coulombs. From the graph, mass of M deposited by 240 coulombs is 0.08g (iv) Faraday's 1st law of electrolysis.

(a)(i) Pass/ bubble air through caustic soda (NaOH) or caustic potash (KOH) lime water. (ii) Determine its boiling point/ freezing point. (iii) Heat/warm/ boil to evaporate off some of the water. (b) Add CCl\(_4\), Q dissolves. Filter off solution of Q add water to the residue, R dissolves. Then filter and obtain P as residue (c)(i) Labelling of gas jar and delivery tube are the two major components. (ii) S is H\(_2\)S; T is FeS; V is sulphur (iii) Brown/Reddish brown coloration.

Test Observation Inference (a) C + heat Colourless, odourless gas turned lime water milky/turbid vapour condenses at the neck of the test tube. White residue is left Gas in CO\(_2\) from CO\(_2^{2-}\) or HCO\(_{3-}\) (b) Residue from a + water + litmus Dissolved to form a colourless solution turned red litmus to blue Alkaline solution (c) D + water Dissolved to form colourless solution Pb\(^{2-}\) or Al\(^{3+}\) or Zn\(^{2+}\) or Ca\(^{2+}\) present (i) Soln. of D + NaOH\(_{(aq)}\) White ppt.; ppt. soluble pb\(^{2+}\) or Al\(^{3+}\) or Zn\(^{2+}\) (ii) Soln.of D + NH\(_{3(aq)}\) in drops then in excess White ppt. ppt. soluble pb\(^{2+}\) or Al\(^{3+}\) (iii) Soln of D + HCl ppt. heated, on cooling White ppt. ppt. dissolves/disappears ppt. reappears ppt. is PbCl\(_2\) pb\(^{2+}\) present

Volume of base used (pipette) = 25.00 cm\(^3\); Burette reading Rough 1st 2nd 3rd Final burette readings (cm\(^3\)) 18.60 18.00 20.30 28.00 Initial urette readigs (cm\(^3\)) 0.00 0.00 2.30 10.00 Volume of acid used (cm\(^3\)) 18.60 18.00 18.00 18.00 Average volume of the acid = \(\frac{18.00 18.00 18.00}{3}\) = 18.00 cm\(^{3}\) (b)(i) Mass of KOH per dm\(^3\) of B = \(\frac{1.4 \times 1000}{250}\) = 5.6 g/dm\(^{-3}\) Molar mass of KOH = 39 + 16 + 1 = 56g Concentration of B = \(\frac{5.6}{56}\) = 0.01 mol dm\(^{-3}\) (b)(ii) Equation for the reactions; H\(_2\)SO\(_4\) + 2KOH \(\to\) K\(_2\)SO\(_4\) + 2H\(_2\)O From the equation, Concentration of A (C\(_A\)) x volume of A(V\(_A\)) mole ratio \(\frac{A}{B}\) Concentratio B(C\(_A\)) x volume of (V\(_B\)) \(\frac{C_A \times 18.00}{0.10 \times 25}\) = \(\frac{1}{2}\) C\(_A = \frac{0.10 \times 25}{2 \times 18.00}\) = 0.0694 mol/dm\(^3\) (b)(iii) 1 dm\(^3\) of 1.0 mol/dm\(^3\) H\(_2\)SO\(_4\) contains (2 x 6.0 x 10\(^{23}\)) Hydrogen atom 1 dm\(^3\) of 0.0694 mol dm\(^{-3}\) H\(_2\)SO\(_4\) contains = (2 x 6.0 x 10\(^{23}\) x 0.6694) 8.328 x 10\(^{22}\) x 10\(^{22}\) (c)(i) Less than (ii) Greater than; C is NaHCO\(_3\); D is Pb(NO\(_3\))\(_2\)

(a) The factors responsible for frequent changes in policy are: (i) frequent changes of government (ii) frequent changes in cabinet (iii) poor economic situation (b) The result of the frequent changes in policy are. (i) it harms development (ii) financial wastage is experienced (iii) foreign investors are scared off

MALE CHILDREN ARE MORE BENEFICIAL TO THEIR PARENTS THAN FEMALE CHILDREN. Good morning, Mr. Chairman, Panel of Judges, accurate time-keeper, co-debaters, Ladies and Gentlemen. I am Mojeed Odeduntan representing SSS Ii. I am here to oppose strongly the motion which states that "female children are more beneficial to their parents than male children." Of course, the matter does not require much argument. It is a widely known fact that male children are more beneficial to their parents than female. Male children are stronger than their female counterparts. As a result of this they work harder than female children. Arduous and strenuous house chores are reserved for male children. I know my opponents will want to tell us that female children are more useful in the kitchen, but I want to tell you that male children are also useful in the kitchen. It depends on how their parents train them. Some people also argue that what a male child can do, a female child can do better. Tell me, isn't that a stupid argument? I want to ask them this question. Can a female child be asked to use an axe to split firewood in a situation where the parents have to cook food and there is no gas or kerosine? This type of strenuous work is reserved for male children. Secondly, female children are very expensive to maintain in the family. Give a male child two pairs of trousers and three shirts, and he is satisfied. Female children always ask for many irrelevant things from their parents, and before long, they will demand a big wardrobe before they can go to school. Female children are expensive to maintain. Thirdly, female children usually don't retain their maiden name immediately they get married. Since a wife will always be under the control of her husband, she has no choice than to change her maiden name to that of her husband. Of course, a male child keeps and maintains his family's name till death. In many parts of the country till today, male children are regarded as the pillar of their family. A male child takes over from his father after his death. He controls the affairs of his father's family and preserves the good name and reputation of his parents. In contrast, a female child gets married and faces the affairs of her husband's family. Lastly, I disagree with the argument that female children take care of their parents in old age. This is not true in its entirety. Male children take control of their father's household and as a result of this, they are close to their parents, even when they are old. They know their needs on first hand basis, and they take prompt care of their aged parents. Mr Chairman, Panel of Judges and my audience, I believe that with these few points of mine. I have been able to convince you that male children are more beneficial to their parents than the female children.

P.O. Box 243 Ikeja Lagos State. 16th August, 1996. The Editor Punch Nigeria Limited Onipetesi, Ikeja. Dear Sir, OUTSTANDING PERFORMANCE OF THE NIGERIAN SPORTS CONTINGENT AT THE OLYMPIC GAMES. The outstanding performance of our sportsmen and women at the last Olympic games has proved that Nigeria can dominate the whole world as far as sport is concerned. There is no doubt that our sports contingents have gone, competed and conquered. Our football squad brought Atlanta. the venue of the 1996 Olympic Games. to a standstill when they defeated Argentina and Brazil to win the gold medal. For the first time in the history of the Olympic games, Nigeria won the highest number of gold, bronze and silver medals. Success, especially in games, does not come by chance. There is no doubt that there are some factors which are responsible for the success of our sportsmen and women. The first factor is that our sportsmen and women were camped in time. This afforded them the opportunity to blend which enhanced their pattern of play in Atlanta. The foreign based players came right on time to camp and they blended easily with those who were home based. The second factor is the availability of good sporting facilities in our stadia. It seems the Federal Government was determined, this time around, to give sports priority. Our stadia were equipped with training facilities and funds were made available for the sportsmen and women and the coaches to travel around the world for trial matches prior to the games. This made the level of their preparation very high. This was coupled with the strong determination of our contingent to excel. The Nigerian government has a lot of lesson to learn from our victory. The key to success in anything we are doing is sound preparation. It should be encouraged and it should be made a national policy. In addition to this, we have learnt that in spite of the seeming invincibility of the hitherto world soccer giants like Argentina and Brazil, there is no country that cannot win the world cup. It all depends on the level of preparation and determination. Yours faithfully, (signature) Orialiku Peters.

CHILD NAMING CEREMONY AMONG THE YORUBAS. The arrival of a new baby into a family among the Yorubas is usually greeted with joy. The reason is that the Yoruba people believe that the family which has the new baby is expanding and prosperous. They regard the gift of a child from Oduduwa, their progenitor, as a mark of the fact that the family is not forgotten by its forefathers. Immediately a child is born, a message is sent to all the relations who are around in the village or town and to those who have gone to farm to come home for the naming ceremony of the baby. The naming ceremony for a male child f usually comes up on the ninth day after his birth while a female child is usually named on the eight day. The reason for this is that the Yoruba people believe that a man has nine bones while a woman has eight. So, those relations at home and those in the farm know the day a new baby will be named due to the sex of the new born baby. On the day of the naming ceremony, the entire family will come together at the house of the "Olori-ebi", the head of the family, usually the eldest male member of the family. He is the one to preside over and direct the ceremony since everything usually takes place in his house. The reason is that among the Yoruba people, the family idol and shrine is located in the compound of the "olori-ebi". Before the naming ceremony commences, the baby must have been bathed very early in the morning by the wives of the members of the family. The baby is carried to the house of the head of the wives of the family who is usually the oldest among the wives. She is to carry the baby to the house of the head of the family for the ceremony and while the ceremony lasts, she is the one to carry the baby before handing him over to his mother after the ceremony. During the naming ceremony, a lot of prayers are offered for the new baby using the following items: 'orogbo' (bitter cola), sugar, honey, sugar-cane and palm-oil. These items must be presented by the father of the baby and they are used in praying for the baby. The items are taken one after the other with a little bit of each put in the mouth of the baby while the people attending the ceremony eat the rest, with parts remaining to be offered at the family shrine. The naming ceremony is not completed without taking the baby to the family shrine. The baby is given to the head of the family who is also the custodian of the family shrine for the remaining part of the ceremony. He would carry the baby to the shrine, offer him to the idol for guidance throughout his life and use the remaining items to appease the god and offer prayers. If the baby comes from the family of those with traditional tribal marks, he is branded with his family's tribal mark. After this, the baby is then handed over to the eldest wife of the family amidst singing and dancing. At the end of the ceremony, the child is handed over to his mother. Bunmi Omokija, SS 3B.

P.O.Box 26 Dugbe, lbadan Oyo state. 16th August, 1996. Dear Bola, How are you? I hope that you are trying to settle down with your studies after the long vacation. I have not been able to be myself since the quarrel which led to the break in our relationship. In fact, I still cannot believe that the little misunderstanding caused by backbiters, who call themselves our friends could escalate to such proportion. It is, indeed, a pity that we allowed those who pretended to be our friends to bring us on a war path. The fact is that I did not say what they claimed that I said. How on earth could I call you a bitch because you are in love with John? Therefore, I am writing this letter to express regret at the break in our relationship. i felt the pains of the break in our relationship when my mother asked of you when I was home last vacation. She found it difficult to forgive me for allowing our little misunderstanding to degenerate to the level that we don't greet each other whenever we meet. I also miss you greatly because when I remember all the good time we have had together, I always feel remorse for my part in the quarrel. As you know that we used to exchange visits during the holiday and you always spent some weeks with my family, my parents also miss you. My junior ones were asking of you when I was home last vacation. They couldn't believe that we could keep each other at arms length. However, I want us to bury the hatchet and be friends again. I want you to believe that I cannot say all those unprintable things that those backbiters claimed that I said about you. We should not allow anybody to bring enmity and bickering between us. I want our friendship to be restored so that we can go back to those memorable days of perfect relationship. I am sure that we will be happy for this. Kunle, my brother. will be celebrating his birthday next month. I am inviting-you to the party. My mummy will be very happy to see you there. Extend my sincere greetings to your sisters and brothers. Yours sincerely. Titilayo.

PRESS CLUB'S EXCURSION TO O.B.M AND ATLANTIC PRINTERS. Last week, twenty members of our club, the Press Club paid a visit to 0. B. M Advertising and the Atlantic Printers. a B. M is an advertising company while the Atlantic Printers are book printers. What motivated the excursion was that, as members of the Press Club, we wanted to be familiar with the process of producing advertisement, art works, jingles and the workings of a press. On the day of the visit, we left the school by bus at exactly 9am. On arrival at 0. B. M Advertising company, we found that the General Manager. Mr. Martins Nwachukwu, was already waiting for us. He welcomed us very warmly and introduced us to the company's Client Services Director who later conducted us round the various departments of the agency. We visited the Client Service Department where we were shown the accounts of the various companies O.B.M serves. Later, we were introduced to the Copywriter's office. The Copywriter showed us a copy of an advertisement and how to write an advert copy. After writing the advert copy, it is sent to the Artist's office where an artwork will be produced for the advertisement. The second place we visited was the Atlantic Printers. The company has three main sections: the Lithographic section, the printing section and the binding and packaging section. The lithographic section is a two-room air-conditioned apartment. The first room is a dark-room where typeset pages of books are filmed. We were shown the camera used for shooting the films and the machine for developing them. In the second room, there is a plate-making machine which is used for making metal plates from films. The metal plates are the ones mounted on the printing machines at shown to us in the printing section. At the printing section, Mr. Olorunnisola, who was conducting us round the company, showed us two types of printing machines These were a Kord 64 offset printer and a Heidelberg Letter-press printer. According to Mr. Olorunnisola, the offset printer prints words on paper using the metal plates made from the lithographic section while the letter press printer uses cases containing metal type faces instead of plates. Our tour of the binding and packaging section was no less educating and exciting. We saw workers mg papers by hand and binding books using a stitching machine. The excursion really opened our eyes to how advertisements on radio and television are produced by advertisino companies and how books are printed. The visit has actually exposed us to the career opportunities existing in the advertising and printing industries. At the two places, we were given good talks on career prospects in the media and the allied professions. There is no doubt that the excursion has been able to boost our morale and enthusiasm as members of the Press Club. Abiola Adetunji, SSIIC.