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1.(i) Accommodation is the ability of the eye to focus (both near and distant) objects on the retina or the ability to see clearly (far and near) objects. It is also the adjustments of tne focal length of the eye to see clearly. (i) Metamorphosis is a process by which organisms change or develop from egg to adult. 2. The wall of the left ventricle is thicker because the left ventricle pumps (oxygenated) blood to more parts of the body than the right ventricles. Right ventricle pumps Blood only to the lungs while the left ventricle pumps blood to the other parts of the body. 3. In a diabetic person, there is either insufficient or inadequate or no insulin at all to convert the excess sugar to glycogen for storage in tne Liver. This causes excess sugar to be contained in the urine. 4. Vasopressin or Anti-diuretic Hormones (ADH) controls the reabsorption of water in the kidney. 5. Hemoglobin has an affinity for oxygen with which it combines loosely to form oxyhaemoglobin. In the tissues, the oxyhaemoglobin dissociates to release oxygen in the cells for tissue respiration or internal respiration. 6(a) The aim of the experiment is to demonstrate osmosis in a living tissue or to demonstrate that water moves from the region of higher concentration through a semi-permeable or selective permeable membrane. (b) The liquid labeled I is water Yam potato. pawpaw, pig's bladder or cocoyam can be used as a living tissue. (d)(i) The level of the solution in A will rise while the level of B will remain the same. (ii) In the soup A, the trough has a higher concentration of water molecules than the sugar solution, so there is a movement of water molecules rough through the living tissues into the sugar solution. OR there is a higher osmotic pressure in the sugar solution than in the trough, so water molecules move from the trough through the cells of the living tissues into the sugar solution. In set-up B, the concentration of water molecules are the same in the trough and in the yam cup. (e) Set up B serves as a control. 7.(a) A pest is an organism (living organism) which harms or causes damage to man, his animals, crops or possession (b) Aphid attacks orange, citrus, cocoa, banana. cowpea. beans. beetles attacks banana, yam, bean, coconut, cocoa, palms. Weevils cereal crops. attack grains, beans, rice, corn, millet. Grasshopper/ Locust attacks cassava, all crops. Stem borer attacks maize, cocoa plant, Cocoa, Cotton cereal Crops. Mealy bug attacks cassava, mango bitter leaf. (African) armyworm attacks rice, sorghum, guinea crops. Rodents attacks tubers, maize, groundnut, sugarcane stem. Termites attacks any named plant. Cotton stainners attack cotton. Caterpiller attacks vegetables. 8. Hydrophyte or with air water lettuce or Pistia (b) Light body (ii) poorly developed strengthening tissue (iii) presence of alir spaces, spongy tissue and presence of parenchvma, (iv) presence of poorly developed conducting tissue (V) presence of thin cuticle or absence of cuticle (vi) presence of stomata only on the upper of the leaf (vii) presence of stolon (viii) presence of fibrous roots for water absorption. 9.(a) Specimen A is Cockroach while Specimen B is Earthworm (i) Specimen A is found in dark corners, Crevices, shelves, Cupboards, cartons containing food stuff or books, dirty toilet. Specimen B is found in damp or humid soil, mud and moist soil. (c) Differences between specimen A and B are: Cockroach (Specimen A) (i)Body is divided into head, thorax and abdomen,(ii) Antenna present (iii) Legs present iv) Wings present (v) Eyes present (vi) Clitellum absent (vi) Chaetae/setae absent (vii) Distinct head present. Earthworm (Specimen Body not divided into head, thorax and abdomen (not divided into three (three regions.) regions), Legs absent, Wings absent, Eye absent, Clitellum present, Chaetae/setae present, Distinct head absent. (d) Specimen A is a disease vector. It: (i) destroys books, clothes, food etc (ii) deposits feces on clothes/ books to stain them (iii) causes discomfort by biting human body and introducing germs into it. (iv) loosens soil, making it well aerated. Specimen B: (i) burrows the soil to make it easy for growth of roots (ii) is used as a bait for fishing (iii) dead worms and earthworm casts enrich the soil. (iv) drags leaves into the soil thereby improving soil fertility (iv) burrows to enhance water drainage. 10(a)Specimen C is a simple leaf. Specimen D is bipinnate or compound leaf. Specimen Eis pinnate or compound leaf (b)(i)Opposite (ii) Net (venation) or Reticulate (venation) (c) Specimen C and Specimen E. (d)(i)Terrestrial, land or Savannah (ii) (1) Photosynthesis for manufacture of food (2) respiration (3) excretion (4) transpiration or loss of water. (e) F = Mould, fungus, Rhozopus mucor, G= Spirogyra, Filamentous alga or green alga. H = Tick, F= Saprophytic or saprobic; G = Photosynthetic, autotrophic or holopytiC; H= Parasitic Observable differences between specimens Fand G are: Specimen F Specimen G grey/brown/black in colour Green in colour Sporangia is present Sporangia is absent Specimen F is fiuffy/powdery Specimen G is slimy. Spiral) chloroplast absent spiral) chloroplast present branched unbranched/filamentous 11(a) Specimen I= Scale(s) from fish; J = Feather(s) from Fowl or Bird; K= Hair(s) from mammal (b) Specimen I (i) Protection or camouflage (ii) Water proofing. - Specimen J (i) Insulation or temperature regulation. (ii) adaptation for flight or aerial life (il) protection and camoutlage (iv) courtship,beautification and gender differentiation (v) maintenance of body shape (vi) water proofing or prevents water loss. Specimen K (i) protection and camouflage (ii) insulation and temperature regulation (ili) courtship, for attraction of mating partners, beautification, gender differentiation (c) Scale - Feather -Hairs/ I,J,K/K J I. Or Scale from fish, feather from bird, (Hair from mammal (e.g rat) )

(a) To perform an experiment to compare water holding capacity of sandy, loamy and clayey soil, one will need to obtain samples of sandy, loamy and clayey soils, dry soils samples or air dry samples to constant weight, insert funnels in the neck of the three measuring cylinders and place a folded filter paper or cotton wool in each of the funnels, put a known or equal weight of each of the air-dried soils in each of the funnels respectively and label them as sandy, loamy and clayey, pour equal amount of water into each soil and leave the set up till no more drops of water pass through it to the cylinder. Find the differences between the volume of water retained by each soil. Observation: Sandy soil has more volume of water, followed by loamy soil and clayey soil in the cylinder. Conclusion: Clayey soil has the greatest water retention capacity followed by loamy soil and sandy soil. (b) Factors that may affect water holding capacity of a soil are: (i) Humus content/organic matter/living organisms (ii) Clay content (iii) Soil texture. (iv) size of soil particles (v) mineral salt and pH (c)(i) Sandy soil contains silica, large particles, low nutrients and low capillary power, retains little water, is porous / well drained, possesses coarse, gritty or rough texture and large air spaces and its mineral nutrients are easily leached. Loamy soil contains humus, organic matter, a mixture of sand clay and silt in about equal proportion and possesses moderate aeration, capillary power and water holding or retaining capacity. (ii) Sandy soil supports scanty vegetation, grass or grassland and shrubs while loamy soil supports heavy or luxuriant vegetation (forest).

(a)(i) First aid is referred to as the assistance given to a victim of accidents or sudden illness in order to prevent worsening of condition before employing the services of a qualified doctor or physician. (ii) Artificial respiration involves the supply of air or oxygen to the lungs of a suffocating person to restore normal breathing or a method of resuscitating a person who suffers from asphyxia or lack of oxygen. (iii) Dislocation is the shifting or displacement of bones from joints or can be referred to as when bones forming a joint are displaced from their original positions. (iv) Haemorrhage is the escape or loss of blood or bleeding from a cut or punctured blood vessel. (b) (i) The objectives of first aid are: . (1) To sustain life (2) To save life or regain consciousness (3) To reassure the victim of life (4) To prevent the worsening of a condition of infection (5) To reduce pain. (ii) The procedures for administering mouth-to mouth artificial respiration are: (1) Lie victim on the back and loosen all tight wears. (2) Tilt the head back as far as possible and pull jaw forward to open the mouth. (3) Ensure that you examine the mouth and pharynx well to remove any obstacles. (4) Then open your mouth wide and place over the mouth of victim. (5) Close victim's nostrils by pinching his nose with one of your hands. (6) Take deep breath and blow in air gently (10 to 12 times a minute) into the victim's lungs until there is chest movement. (c) (i) Signs of dislocation are: (1) Pain at the affected joint (2) Swelling or tenderness around the affected joint (3) Loss of function of the affected limb or loss of normal movement (4) Deformity or abnormal appearance at the affected joint. (ii) Ways of stopping bleeding from an open wound include direct pressure on the wound pressure at the pressure point use of iodine solution or methylated spirit use of bandage, use of tourniquet.

(i) (b)(i)Functions of Stigma in (a)(i) above is that it receives pollen grains and nourishes the pollen grains to germination while the Ovary houses the ovule or develops embryo or develops to fruit. The style serves as the passage way for germinating pollen grain to reach the ovule. The Ovule develops to seed after fertilization and Placenta connects ovule or seed to the ovary for nourishment. (b)(ii) The ovary produces ovum/egg/hormones. The Funnel receives the ovum or egg. Fallopian tube or oviduct serves as a passage way for ovum or site of fertilization. The Uterus or womb houses the embryo till birth. The Vagina is the passage way for the baby during birth and it receives male organs (penis) and sperm during coition or intercourse. The Vulva is the entrance to the vagina. It receives male organ or penis and serves as a passage way for baby. Mammals Amphibians Birds No of eggs Fertilization Parental care One or few Internal Present and fora Iona time Many External Absent Many or few Internal Present but for a short time