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Boyle's law states that the pressure and volume of a gas have an inverse relationship when the temperature is kept constant. ⇒ P ∝ \(\frac{1}{V}\) P = K\(\frac{K}{V}\) PV = K Boyle's law can be represented mathematically as PV = K, where P = Pressure, V = Volume and K is a constant.

Firstly, Relative Molecular mass = 2 x Vapour Density The challenge is to find the relative molecular mass = Molar mass of the gas But we were given V = 560cm\(^3\) , Molar Volume = 22.4 dm\(^3\) = 22400cm\(^3\) and Mass = 0.4g However, we can obtain the value for Number of moles, then easily obtain the value for our Molar mass, using mass given. ⇒ n = \(\frac{V}{M.V}\) = \(\frac{560}{22400}\) = 0.025 mole Also, n = \(\frac{m}{M}\) M = \(\frac{m}{n}\) = \(\frac{0.4}{0.025}\) = 16.0 Recall that Molar mass of gas = 2 x V.D Therefore, V.D = \(\frac{16.0}{2}\) = 8.0

l = 1 corresponds to p-subshell, P\(_x\), P\(_y\), P\(_z\) and the shape of p-orbital is dumb-bell.

Esterification involves an acid and an alcohol, while neutralization involves an acid and a base.It is a condensation reaction, where two molecules combine to form a larger molecule while eliminating a smaller molecule. In esterification, an alcohol and a carboxylic acid combine to form an ester and water. Esterification is primarily analogous to a condensation reaction, not a neutralization reaction. In a condensation reaction, two molecules combine to form a larger molecule and a small molecule, such as water, is released. Esterification, the reaction between an alcohol and a carboxylic acid to form an ester, fits this definition as it produces water as a byproduct. Neutralization reactions, on the other hand, involve the reaction between an acid and a base, producing salt and water, and are not a direct analogy for esterification. However, if condensation is not in the option, and we have only neutralization present among the options, then Neutralization will be the best option.

The parent name is Pent-2-ene because the double bond is on C-2. Also, there are two methyl group on C-2 and C-3, hence we have 2,3-dimethyl Finally, join together the two, we have 2,3-dimethyl pent-2-ene

The dehydration of ethanol is a chemical reaction that produces ethene and water from ethanol: The chemical equation for the dehydration of ethanol is: CH\(_3\)CH\(_2\)OH + H\(_2\)SO\(_4\) → CH\(_2\)=CH\(_2\) + H\(_2\)O The reaction is performed by heating ethanol with concentrated sulfuric acid at around 170^\circC. Sulfuric acid is a dehydrating agent, meaning it absorbs water.

Gases that are less dense than air are collected by downward displacement of air. Examples include ammonia and hydrogen. Sulphur dioxide (SO\(_2\)) is not collected by downward displacement of air. It is collected by upward displacement of air because it is heavier than air.Also, chlorine is collected by upward displacement of air, not downward displacement. This is because although, it is heavier and denser than air, it is soluble in water. Instead, chlorine is collected by upward displacement of air.

High boiling point is primarily caused by strong intermolecular forces, particularly hydrogen bonding which is the main reason for water's high boiling point, as water molecules can form multiple hydrogen bonds with each other, requiring more energy to separate them and vapourize. Consequently, water, ethanol and aquous sodium chloride would have relatively high boiling points, owing to the presence of hydrogen bonds while tetrachloromethane has no hydrogen bonding, hence, it is has the lowest boiling point.

The branch of science that deals with the nature and properties of substances and how one substance can be converted to another is known as Chemistry. Chemistry studies the composition, structure, and properties of matter, as well as the changes it undergoes during chemical reactions, including how one substance can be transformed into another.

Hund's rule states that the lowest energy state of an atom or molecule is when the spins of its electrons are aligned as much as possible. This means that electrons in the same orbital have the same spin before pairing up with opposite spins. Each orbital in a subshell is singly occupied or filled with one electron first before any orbital is doubly occupied.

Oxidation number of Cr in Na\(_2\)Cr\(_2\)O\(_7\) = 0 2(Na) + 2Cr + 7(O) = 0 Oxidation state of Na = +1, O = - 2 So, 2(+1) + 2Cr + 7(-2) = 0 +2 + 2Cr - 14 = 0 +2 - 14 + 2Cr = 0 - 12 + 2Cr = 0 2Cr = 12 Cr = \(\frac{12}{2}\) Cr = + 6

Bauxite is considered the most important ore of aluminum; it is the primary source from which aluminum is extracted globally. Bauxite ore (Al\(_2\)O\(_3\). xH\(_2\)O) is the major source of aluminium till date which is a mixture of hydrated aluminium oxide. Both haematite and magnetite are ores of Iron. Monazite is a phosphate mineral that contains rare earth elements and thorium. It's often found in sand and gravel deposits, and can be red, brown, or green in color.

Bases turn red litmus paper blue. They are also slippery to touch.

When a concentrated sodium chloride solution is electrolyzed using carbon electrodes, the primary product formed is chlorine gas at the anode (positive electrode), while hydrogen gas is produced at the cathode (negative electrode). At the anode: Chloride ions (Cl-) are oxidized to form chlorine gas (Cl\(_2\)). At the cathode: Water molecules are reduced to form hydrogen gas (H\(_2\)) and hydroxide ions (OH-). The overall reaction produces sodium hydroxide solution alongside the chlorine and hydrogen gases.

When ethanol reacts with excess acidified potassium dichromate (K\(_2\)Cr\(_2\)O\(_7\)), it gets oxidized to ethanoic acid (acetic acid), with the color of the solution changing from orange to green as the chromium ions are reduced during the oxidation process; this reaction is a common test for alcohols due to the visible color change. CH\(_3\)CH\(_2\)OH + K\(_2\)Cr\(_2\)O\(_7\) → CH\(_3\)COOH