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This is a solution formed from the hydrolyses of an alkali in water.

m = \(\frac{Mm \times Q}{96500n }\) where Q = IT M = Mm × \(\frac{Q}{96500n}\) where m = mass Mm = Molar mass Q = Quantity of electricity n = number of change= +1 \(\frac{M}{Mm}\) = mole = \(\frac{mass}{Molarmass}\) \(\frac{M}{Mm}\) = \(\frac{Q}{96500n}\) = \(\frac{9650}{96500n}\) × 1 = \(\frac{1}{10}\) = 0.1mol

Alkanes undergoes substitution reaction and it is an example of halogenation substitution reaction. Reaction of halogen with alkane in the presence of sunlight (ultraviolet) is termed halogenation. Halogenation is an example of substitution reaction. In addition, alkanes only undergo substitution reaction but not addition reaction.

Starch is hydrolyzed by dilute acids to yield a mixture of dextrin (a shorter chain intermediate product), disaccharides (mainly maltose) and glucose. Further hydrolysis will eventually give glucose. Hydrolysis of starch to dextrin and maltose can also be brought about by the enzyme amylase present in saliva and in malt.

Alkyl group has the general formula CnH2n + 1. This formed when one hydrogen is removed from the alkane family. It has the general formula CnH2n + 1

Iron [Fe] reacts with H2 in the presence of oxygen to form a rust. 4Fe + 3O2 → 2 Fe2O2 Fe2O3 + H2O → Fe2O3.H2O

The rate of dimension of a gas inversely proportional to the square root of its molecular mass or its density, which is Graham's Law of diffusion of gas. R ∝ \(\frac{1}{\sqrt{Mm}}\) or R ∝ \(\frac{1}{\sqrt{D}}\) Dx = 0.5gdm-3, Dy = 2gdm-3 R= \(\frac{K}{\sqrt{D}}\) R\(\sqrt{D}\) = k R1\(\sqrt{D_1}\) = R1\(\sqrt{D_2}\) Rx\(\sqrt{D_x}\) = Ry\(\sqrt{D_y}\) \(\frac{R_x}{R_y}\) = \(\frac{\sqrt{D_y}}{\sqrt{D_x}}\) = \(\frac{\sqrt{2}}{\sqrt{0.5}}\) = 2.0

Alkane's family are sp3 hybridized

Where −273°c = OK i.e −273°c + 273 = OK At zero kelvin, the volume of a gas becomes zero.

Molecular mass = vapour density X2 Mm of XO2 = x + 16(2) = x + 32 vapour density = 32 ∴ x + 32 = 32 × 2 x + 32 = 64 x = 64 - 32 x = 32 ∴ the relative molecular mass of X is 32 Relative molecular mass = vapour density × 2

Upward delivery works well for hydrogen and ammonia, which are both less densed than air. Sometimes, they are collected over water.

Bubbling of air through the acid solution removes deposited oxides of nitrogen. Nitric acid is prepared in the laboratory by heating a nitrate salt with the concentrated acid. NaNO3 + H2SO4 → NaHSO4 + HNO3 Vapours of nitric acid are condensed to a brown liquid in a receiver cooled under cold water. "Dissolved oxides of nitrogen" e.g NO2 are removed by redistillation or blowing a current of carbondioxide or dry air through the warm acid

protons = 9 neutrons = 10 electrons = 10 Electronic configuration = 2, 8 Ground state Electronic configuration=2, 7 It means that the atom has gained an electron thereby making it have a negative ion. When an atom donates an electron, it becomes positively charged. When an atom accepts an electron, it becomes negatively charged

Ethene is produced from cracking which involves breaking up large hydrocarbon molecules into smaller and more useful bits. This is achieved by using high temperatures and pressures without a catalyst. C15H32 → 2C2H4 + C3H6 + C8H14 ......Δheat...ethene........propene.........octane

For an ideal gas PV = nRT Amount in moles = n Volume v = 10.5dm3 Pressure P = 6atm Temperature T = 30^\circC + 273 = 303k R, Gas constant = 0.082 atmdm3k-1 mol Recall from ideal gas equation pv = nRT n = \(\frac{RV}{RT}\) n = \(\frac{6 \times 10.5}{0.082 \times 303}\) n= 2.536mol