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The "beams" are bars that support the span of the roof between two supports, props or walls.

"Props" are temporary supports used in mines to prevent collapses.

A "hole" is what the miners crawl through to get to the coal.

The combination of "digging" and explosives is what is needed to harvest coal from a mine.

Learning within the "four walls of a classroom" refers to formal education, which is structured and organised and takes place in a school.

he passage mentions that the writer observed rock particles mixing with the rest of the soil during soil sampling. This implies that rock particles are not exclusive to any specific type of soil; they can be part of soil in general.

The phrase "building a castle in the air" is an idiom that refers to imagining or planning something fanciful, unrealistic or highly unlikely to happen.

The phrase "playing the devil's advocate" is an idiomatic expression that means arguing for a position one may not necessarily believe in to provoke debate or test the strength of an opposing argument.

The phrase "holds his own in any situation" means that Yerima is capable of maintaining his position, handling himself well, or standing firm regardless of the circumstances. This means that he has confidence and composure.

A mechanical "knife" is used to cut coal to separate it from the base.

Explosives are "detonated" (set off).

The passage explains that the type of weathering depends on climatic conditions: physical or mechanical weathering occurs with temperature and water, while chemical weathering thrives in hot climates.

The passage focuses on the process of weathering, its types (physical/mechanical and chemical), and the factors that influence it, particularly climatic conditions. Therefore, "Weathering" is the most appropriate title.

The passage states, "I noticed big trees with their roots penetrating into rocks and breaking them. I initially wondered and puzzled seeing trees growing from the rock." This clearly indicates that the writer was puzzled by the sight of trees growing from the rocks.

The phrase "cynosure of all eyes" means someone who is the focus of attention or admiration. In this context, it suggests that Titi drew everyone's attention at the party.