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Oxidation is a chemical reaction that occurs when the oxidation number of an atom increases. This means that the atom loses electrons and has a greater positive charge or a lesser negative charge. The oxidation number of an atom is a number that represents the degree of oxidation of the atom in a chemical compound.

An acid is considered strong if it dissociates completely into ions when mixed with water. When hydrochloric acid (HCl) dissolves in water, it dissociates into H\(^+\) and Cl\(^-\) . This is different from weak acids, like acetic acid, which only partially dissociate in water.

The naming starts with the first metal which is potassium, followed by the hexacyano (6 moles of Cyanide) and then ferrate (II).

Amphoteric oxides are metal oxides that can behave as both acidic and basic oxides. They react with acids and bases to produce water and salts. When dissolved in water, amphoteric oxides form alkaline solutions that contain hydroxide ions. E.g ZnO, Al\(_2\)O\(_3\),PbO etc The chemical reactions Al\(_2\)O\(_3\) + 6HCl → 2AlCl\(_3\) + 3H\(_2\)O and Al\(_2\)O\(_3\) + 2NaOH → 2NaAlO\(_2\) + H\(_2\)O show that Al\(_2\)O\(_3\) is amphoteric.

Cracking, saponification and polymerization are all terminologies associated with the petroleum industry but fermentation is associated with the brewery industry. Cracking is a chemical process that breaks down heavy hydrocarbon molecules into lighter, more useful ones. Saponification is a chemical reaction that converts fats and oils into soap. It's not directly involved in petroleum, but it can be used to analyze petroleum products. Polymerization is a process in the petroleum industry that converts light olefin gases into higher molecular weight hydrocarbons. Fermentation is the process in which a substance breaks down into a simpler substance. Microorganisms like yeast and bacteria usually play a role in the fermentation process, creating beer, wine, bread,yogurt and other foods.

Kerosene can thin synthetic and synthetic oil paints to make them spread more easily and shine more.

A reaction which is exothermic (\DeltaH negative) and results in an increase in the entropy of the system (\DeltaS positive) will always be spontaneous. Also, if \DeltaG is negative, the reaction will be spontaneous because the reaction can take place on it's own without any external source.

The indicator used in a titration between strong acid and weak base is methylorange while phenolphthalein is used in a titration between strong base and weak acid.

Nitrogen obtained from air is generally considered "impure" compared to chemically synthesized nitrogen because it contains trace amounts of atmospheric constituents that are difficult to separate entirely. Carbon (IV) oxide (CO₂) is the correct answer because it is typically removed early in the industrial process of separating nitrogen from air (such as passing air through caustic soda/sodium hydroxide). Therefore, the final nitrogen obtained is considered to no longer contain CO₂.

A solubility curve is a graph that plots the relationship between the solubility of a substance and temperature: Temperature: Plotted on the X-axis Solubility: Plotted on the Y-axis, measured in grams of solute per 100 grams of water

If 11.0g occupies 5.6 dm\(^3\) x will occupy 22.4 dm\(^3\) x = \(\frac{11\times 22.4}{5.6}\) x = 44g But Molecular mass = 2 x Vapour density 44 = 2 x Vapour density Vapour density = \(\frac{44}{2}\) = 22

Van der Waals forces of attraction operate between molecules that are very close together. They can occur between polar molecules with permanent dipoles and non-polar molecules, or between molecules with permanent dipoles and molecules without permanent dipoles.

The rules governing electron configuration are the Aufbau principle, Pauli's exclusion principle, and Hund's rule: Aufbau principle: Electrons fill the lowest energy orbitals first. Pauli's exclusion principle: No two electrons can have the same spin in one orbital. Each orbital can hold a maximum of two electrons with opposite spins. Hund's rule: Electrons fill empty orbitals singly before pairing up in the same sub-levels.

In direct sunlight, the formed product hydrogen chloride gets protonated which results in an explosion. This reaction is a free radical substitution reaction.

The terms "strong" and "weak" are used to describe the extent to which an acid dissociates into ions in an aqueous solution. Strong acid: An acid that completely dissociates into ions in water. For example, hydrogen chloride (HCl) is a strong acid because it ionizes completely into hydrogen ions and chloride ions in water. Weak acid: An acid that only slightly dissociates into ions in water. For example, acetic acid is a weak acid because it only dissociates about 5% into ions in water