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The passage discusses trade in a traditional setting, where people exchanged goods before the use of money. The hunter in the example would trade something he has obtained through hunting i.e. his "kill". "Kill" here refers to the animal that has been hunted and killed by the hunter, it is this animal meat that he can trade for yams.

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Government Secondary School Obio Usiere, Eniong Abatim. Odukpani L.G.A. Cross River State. 13th September, 2021. Dear Ekpika, I am very happy to write this letter to you. How are you and your studies? I hope that you are doing well in all areas of your endeavours. I am quite alright in health and in my studies. My dear friend, Ekpika, I have the pleasure to relate to you the valuable lessons I have learnt on the recent excursion. Our tourism mistress, Mrs. Uionkpan Odey announced to all students in Ss3 that twe will embark on an excursion to Yankari National Park, located in Bauchi State, in the north eastern Nigeria, on 20th May, 2021. On that day, we left Obio Usiere for Bauchi State. The bus carried eighteen students and two teachers including our tourism mistress Mrs. Urionkpan Odey. On the arrival in Bauchi, the state capital, we were directed to Yankari Game reserve in the south-central part of Bauchi state. The park is the most developed wildlife park in Nigeria with a lot of attractions for visitors. The park is famous for its variety of animals for viewing. We went there in the month of May, because that is the period of the year that the animals converge around the Gaji River, Baboons, Waterbucks, Elephants, Crocodiles, Bushbucks, Duckers, Warthongs, Hippopotamus were some of the animals that we saw at the park The surrounding environment was very captivating with hills, valleys and plains, beautifully wrapped up, such that one cannot ignore its sceneries that are inspiringly blended. I also learnt that the Yankari national park has another famous attraction- The Wikki warm spring. The spring is particularly prized for its warm water. The spring is available both night and day for excursion and for tourism. It was one of the best experiences I have had in the recent past. The excursion was an opportunity for me to learn more about the animals in their natural habitat. I saw elephants, crocodiles, hippopotamus and other animals I used to see before on television, face to face. The excursion was part of the school learning programme. It was a cherished break from the traditional classroom teaching and learning. Indeed travelling is a part of education. The excursion was quite necessary. I took notes of everything we were taught. We were advised to conduct ourselves in an orderly manner. The manner of the park, Dr. Shehu Bello conducted us to the reception side of the park, and served us a very delicious meal. There, I learnt table manners, especially while eating with important dignitaries and other students. We were trained on how to swim. Now I can swim without making use of life-jacket. Again, I learnt how to paddle a canoe. Now I can paddle a canoe with a wooden or plastic paddle. Moreover, the excursion has afforded me the opportunity to know so many states in Nigeria. As a result of the route we took, we passed through Nassarawa, Yobe, Gombe and Adamawa North Eastern part of Nigeria. Finally, I wish to let you know that the valuable lessons I have learnt from the excursion will live long in my memory and will continue to influence me positively in my future educational pursuit. Thank you very much for the textbooks you sent to me. Take your studies very seriously. Stay well till l visit you. Bye. Yours sincerely, Inyang.

ALARMING RATE OF INDISCIPLINE AMONG THE YOUTH OF MY COUNTRY Indiscipline is the opposite of discipline, Discipline is a situation where every citizen of a country behaves in an orderly manner, obeys the laws of the land and respects the constituted authorities anytime or anywhere. But alas, all these cannot be realized among the youth of my country, Nigeria. The youth of my country do not respect their parents at home. The youth exhibit immoral behaviours openly, not minding their parents, or other elderly people in the society. They do not have restrain in their conduct. This is so pathetic. The youth then used to respect the elders, possibly helping them in manual and domestic works, but now the story is different. The youth rather insult, abuse and flagrantly disrespect the elderly persons in the society. The youth smoke hallucinogenic drugs like Indian hemp popularly called marijuana, tramadol and all sorts of intoxicants, that make them ruthless and indisciplined. Another reason responsible for the alarming rate of indiscipline among the youth of my country is the incessant cases of cultism. The youth that joined cults groups believe that they are on top of the world. They feel that they are superior to any other person who is not a member of any cult group, claiming that since they have access to guns and other dangerous weapons, they can maim, injure or even kill anybody that might want to restrain them on his way. Another factor responsible for the alarming rate of indiscipline among the youth of my county is the inducement by our politicians. The politicians used the youth to cause mayhem to political opponents during elections, by providing them with guns and other dangerous weapons. After the election, the politicians may not be able to retrieve all the weapons from these youth. The youth will in turn use these weapons for armed robbery, kidnapping and on many occasions, the youth use the weapons to attack law enforcement agents, like the police or the army. Cases abound where such youth attacked the police in their stations, killed the officers and collect AK 47 from them. In most cases the culprits are caught and detained for further investigations, only to be released by the police because some of the leading politicians have gone to the station and paid a large sum of money to bail them out of detention, One may ask, who are those supporting the indiscipline of the youth is attributed to the decay in the societal my country? The answer is the politicians. Moreover, the indiscipline of the youth in the country can be attributed to the decay in societal norms. The traditional values like respect, honesty, humility, integrity and dignity of labour aré no longer held in high esteem. Now the youth of my country do not want to submit themselves to the traditional and cultural heritage of their fatherland, They tend to imbibe foreign culture which has affected their psychological, social and moral orientation. Another reason for the alarming increase in the rate of indiscipline among the youth of my country is that the youth want success without hard work. They placed much premium on money without minding who is hurt or not, provided they get the money. The parents and the society do not help matters. The parents push their children into drug abuse, prostitution, smuggling. thuggery. armed robbery and other crimes just to make money. Our philosophy of hard work and honesty are thrown into the wind. The social media is another factor that has contributed to the alarming rate of indiscipline among the youth of my country. In our schools you see students coming to school with cell phones. Some have downloaded pornographic pictures and videos and foreign materials that do not build their moral behaviours. Even they walk along the streets with ear-piece fixed in their ears. This has caused them to be partially insensitive to their immediate environment. Some even get involved in avoidable accidents as a result of careless behaviours. The churches and the mosques do not help our youth. The youth go to church and mosques dressed like prostitutes or hooligans. They dress half-naked to the church or mosque. They dress half-naked to the church or mosque. They do not reference God in his sanctuary. Some will be busy pressing their phones while prayers and sermons are going on.. some even discuss in the church while worship is going on. This is the greatest act of indiscipline. What can we do to reverse this ugly trend of indiscipline among the youth of my country? The answers to this question are not far-fetched, The parents have an important role to play in this regard. They must inculcate moral discipline in their children. They must show examples to their children. They must show examples in behaviour and in character. They must encourage the youth by promoting good social values that will make them better citizens of this country. Our society should also promote values that will make every member of Our society to be disciplined. Criminal attitudes and deviant behaviours should be jettisoned. The youth should not be used as political thugs, because after their violent and criminal actions during elections, they will still remain in the society indisciplined. Again, political godfatherism should be discouraged. Any recalcitrant behaviour should be punished severly. Our education planners should include moral discipline in the school curriculum, to educate the students on sound moral attitudes in the society. Ill-gotten wealth should be investigated and the culprits be brought to book. If all the points suggested above are strictly considered, then alarming rate of indiscipline in my country, Nigeria. Richard Oyama.

Community Secondary School, Old Netim, Akamkpa L.G.A Cross River State, Nigeria. 13th of September, 2021. Honourable Minister of Health, Federal Secretariat complex, Phase ll, Shehu Shagari way. Central Business District Abuja, F.C.T. Nigeria. Sir, CASES OF MALARIA INCREASE IN RECENT TIMES IN MY COUNTRY, NIGERIA. I wish to bring to your notice cases of malaria íncrease in my country, Nigeria. Every day in the last six months had witnessed a rapid increase of malaria in all the thirty-six states in my country, Nigeria. According to medical reports, about six hundred people have died in the last six months as a result of malaria. Malaria is a parasitic disease caused by plasmodium, carried by female anopheles mosquito bites. Some of the symptoms include high fever, associated with shivering, sweating and sometimes severe dace. Malaria is deadly if proper medication is not administered by trained medical personnel, For example, in Kogi, Taraba and Akwa lbom states, the people resorted to self-medication and traditional methods for the treatment of malaria, The resultant effects were massive death of the citizens of those states in Nigeria. Malaria is a parasitic disease. it can be transmitted from infected person to uninfected person through a vector- an animal which transmits a disease-causing organism called pathogen, from the person suffering the disease to another person. In the case of malaria, the female mosquito is the carrier of the disease. The government of the Federal Republic of Nigeria through the Federal Ministry of Health should rise-up to the challenge posed by the deadly disease called malaria, in the country. No problem is insurmountable if all hands are on deck. The Government of the Federal Republic of Nigeria in conjunction with the federal ministry of health should do the following in order to curb or even eradicate malaria from the country. The entire population of this country must be educated on how to maintain good hygiene. Drainage of swamps that serve as the breeding ground for mosquitoes and clearing of bushes around our houses should be done to reduce the hiding places for adult mosquitoes. Broken pots and empty cans should be buried to eliminate possible breeding places for mosquitoes. Stagnant water should be drained or oiled sprayed on the stagnant water to reduce the Surface tension of water and prevent larval stages of mosquitoes from breathing, hence they will die. The Government should provide drugs like chloroquine to cure malaria fever. The government should also provide every household with an insecticide mosquito treated net and enforce all the citizens to use the net, to prevent mosquito bites. Insect repellent should be used on the body to repel or prevent mosquito bites. Also the use of biological control like the use of predators in the mosquito habitat to eliminate or eat up the mosquito larvae. The Ministry of Health in conjunction with the Nigerian Association should advise the government on how to improve the health status of the citizens of Nigeria. They should also alert the country when and where there is an outbreak of diseases like malaria and carry out research into ways of preventing and controlling diseases. Finally, the Ministry of Health should monitor the recruitment of well-trained doctors in the hospitals and assist in the training and re-training of medical and para-medical staff needed in health care delivery. if all the suggestions given above are implemented malaria will be curbed if not totally eradicated in my country, Nigeria. Yours Faithfully, Ekpo Ita Bassey.

The honourable chairman of the occasion, managing director, indomitable mining company of Nigeria, our respected principal, members of the parent-teachers association, fellow students, ladies and gentlemen. It is with great delights and immense pleasure that I stand before this great gathering to deliver a speech on the occasion of the presentation ceremony and award of scholarship to me. I consider myself very lucky to be asked as a beneficiary of the scholarship award by the indomitable mining company of Nigeria, to address a meeting of this kind, today. Before I begin my speech I must, first of all, congratulate the indomitable mining of Nigeria, whose headquarters is based n Akure, the Ondo state capital. The indomitable mining company has raised a substantial among of money for my scholarship award. Though the processes for the selection of the best candidate for the av ard of the scholarship was rigorous as members of the committee for the selection were very strict, fair and unbias in their selection, I finally emerged as the overall best candidate for the award of the scholarship. Undoubtedly I was as happy as a king when my name was mentioned as the best for the award of the scholarship. The managing director congratulated me and expressed the hope that I would justify the confidence that the company has reposed on me. The benefits of the scholar to me state as follows: that, the summed total of the school fees for six years shall be borned by the conmpany. This, therefore, means that I shall not pay school fees throughout my stay in the secondary school. This is a very great relief to my parents, who before now will suffer to pay my school fees. The scholarship also covers my feeding and hostel accommodation. before this time, I was a day student, and some days I do not have money to pay my fare to and from school. Now I am a boarder; living in the hostel, being fed three times a day with sumptuous meals and snacks. I can now say bye-bye to malnourishment. I am now in the pink; I am very healthy. Above all, I have peace of mind. Gone are the days that I will be fretting about things that are not there. Now, honestly speaking, I have peace of mind and I can now concentrate on my studies. May I use this opportunity to congratulate all who have made his award ceremony a success. I must particularly thank the managing director of indomitable mining company, in the person of Prof. Adams John Odey for his magnanimity. May God bless you, sir. Again, I will not fail to thank the principal of Community Secondary School, Akpap Okoyong, Mr. Inyang Bassey for his professional skills in piloting the affairs of this great institution. may God bless you abundantly. Worthy also to be congratulated are the vice principal, Mr. Paul Effiong Asuquo, staff and all the students of Community Secondary School Akpap Okoyong for their moral support during the selection process which saw me emerging as the overall best for the award of this scholarship. Thank you all. I must not fail to thank my parents, Mr. and Mrs. Godwin Oden, for their love and care. I would like to be born to them again and again. You are good parents to me indeed. Finaly, I have promised to justify the confidence reposed in me. I shall live up to the expectations required of me. Thank you all as you have honoured the invitation to grace this occasion despite the Short notice. May God bless you all and make your journey back to your different home safe once again, thank you all. Blossom Godwin Oden.

One of our students Miss Janet Evong, was bereaved of her father. The students, Union Government agreed that all the students in the school should attend that and witness the burial rites. For this reason, all the students were asked to pay ten thousand naira each to facilitate them to pay for the transport fare from Oshodi, Lagos to Maitama in Abuja. Every student was to assemble at Oshodi central motor park the following day, being Saturday, 18th September 2021, for onward movement to Maitama, Abuja. The D-day came about fiity-seven students were ready for the onward movement from Oshodi central motor park to Maitama Abuja. It was a day of mourning for some of the students and a day of excitement for some other students, as they had never travelled long distances in their lives before now. The bus was a long luxurious bus that had the capacity of carrying sixty passengers at a time.All the fifty-seven students boarded the bus. The students union president, Mr. Francis Ayum, prayed to God for the safe journey of the students from Oshodi to Maitama. The driver started the engine, and the journey commences. The first impression of misgiving that the students had about the competence of the driver was when he made an attempt to round a bend. His right tyre served to the wrong side of the untared road. There would have been a fatal accident, but it was averted as the students shouted at the driver. Again, when they got to cross-roads, the traffic light shone red, the driver managed to stop. the green light did not show when the driver moved his car. The driver was reckless, not observing the road signs or traffic regulations. The students at this time developed greater fear in their minds about the proficiency of the driver. They complained and started scolding the driver over his reckless driving. The last straw that broke the camel's back was when he wrongly overtook another car, not judging the distance between his bus and another incoming picnic. It was by divine intervention, the two cars would have collided. At this juncture, the students could not bear it any longer as Joy Okafor, one of the female students shouted that she was not ready to die prematurely. Other students joined her, they started to cry aloud against the driver's reckless driving. The driver, in his reaction, told the students that, he wants to reach Abuja before the burial ceremonies begin. lIt was there and then that the students came to the realization of what prompted the driver to be impatient, careless and reckless in his driving. The students union president, Mr Francis Ayum cautioned the driver that it is good for them to arrive safely and that it is better late than never.

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Tough - /tʌf/ Done /dʌn/ Cough - /kɒf/ Born - /bɔːn/ Boat /bəʊt/