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The petroleum fractions that distill at 200–250^\circC are naphtha and kerosene, Bitumen: has a boiling point value of 525\(^0\)C Gasoline: Has a boiling range of 40–200^\circC Diesel: Has a boiling range of 250–350^\circC Fuel oil, paraffin, lubricants: Have a boiling range of 300–370^\circC Residue, crude oil: Has a boiling point of more than 370^\circC

Coal tar is a known human carcinogen. It contains potent carcinogens like benzo(a)pyrene, benz(a)anthracene, and dibenz(a,h)anthracene. Fractional distillation of coal tar is a process that produces aromatic hydrocarbons like benzene, creosotes, naphthalene, anthracene, carbolic and cresylic acids, pyridine, and pitch. Benzene is used in the pharmaceutical industry as a solvent and in the synthesis of drugs such as cyclohexane, phenol etc.Thus the correct answer is option B- Benzene

C H N O \(\frac{53.1}{12}\) \(\frac{6.2}{1}\) \(\frac{12.4}{14}\) \(\frac{28.3}{16}\) \(\frac{4.425}{0.886}\) \(\frac{6.2}{0.886}\) \(\frac{0.886}{0.886}\) \(\frac{1.769}{0.886}\) 5 : 7 : 1 : 2 C\(_5\) H\(_7\) N O\(_2\) - Empirical formula (Empirical formula) n = Molecular formula (C\(_5\)H\(_7\)NO\(_2\))n = 2 x vapour density ([12x5] + [1x7] + 14 + [16x2] ) n = 2 x 56.5 113n = 113 n = \(\frac{113}{113}\) n = 1 Therefore, the molecular formula is C\(_5\)H\(_7\)NO\(_2\)

Empirical formula of organic liquid is XY (Empirical formula) x n = 2 x Vapour density (XY) = 2 V.D (72 + 6) = 2 V.D 78 = 2 V.D V.D = \(\frac{78}{2}\) V.D = 39

The biuret test uses copper sulphate in a basic solution to create a purple complex with substances that contain two or more peptide bonds. If protein is present, the biuret reagent will turn purple, and if no protein is present, it will remain blue. The biuret test is a chemical test that detects the presence of proteins in a sample.

When Oxygen reacts with acetylene, an oxy-acetylene or oxy-ethylene flame is obtained. This flame produces a very high temperature flame which is able to weld or join two or more metals together. The combustion of acetylene and oxygen produces a flame that can reach temperatures over 3,000^\circC, making it hot enough to melt steel. Oxy-acetylene equipment can be used for welding, cutting, brazing, heating, and more.

Geometric isomers are two or more compounds with the same number and types of atoms, and bonds, but which have different geometries for the atoms. Geometric isomers have the same connectivity but different geometries. They occur when substituents are locked in position next to or opposite each other. Butene has four isomers: But-1-ene: CH\(_3\)CH\(_2\)CH=CH\(_2\) But-2-ene: CH\(_3\)CH=CHCH\(_3\) Cis but-2-ene: A geometrical isomer Trans but-2-ene: A geometrical isomer. Out of the four isomers, there are only two geometric isomers which are cis but-2-ene and trans but-2-ene. Consequently, butene has two geometrical isomers; which are the cis but-2-ene and the trans but-2-ene.

The molecular formula C3H8O has three stable isomers: 1-propanol: A primary alcohol with the structure CH3−CH2−CH2−OH 2-propanol: A secondary alcohol with the structure CH3−CH(OH)−CH3 Ethyl methyl ether: An ether with the structure CH3−CH2−O−CH3 Two of the isomers are alcohols, while the third is an ether. Ethers cannot be oxidized, so they do not react with potassium permanganate (KMnO4). However, alcohols can oxidize, and when they react with KMnO4, they produce carboxylic acid.

When a few drops of Millon's reagent is added to an egg-white solution in a test tube and the solution is boiled, the white precipitate turns brick red. This indicates the presence of proteins.

To determine whether the solution is saturated or unsaturated, we need to compare the actual concentration of the solution (g/dm³) with the solubility of KNO₃ at the same temperature (mol/dm³). First, let’s convert the given mass concentration to mol/dm³ using the molar mass of KNO₃. Molar mass of KNO₃ = (39 g/mol) + (14 g/mol) + (3 x 16 g/mol) = 101g/mol Molar Concentration (mol/dm³)\} = \(\frac{mass concentration}{Molar mass}\) = \(\frac{303}{101}\) = 3.00moldm\(^3\) Comparing, the concentration (3.00 mol/dm³) with the solubility of KNO₃ at 30^\circC (3.10 mol/dm³). If the concentration is less than the solubility, the solution is unsaturated because more solute can dissolve. If the concentration is equal to the solubility, the solution is saturated because no more solute can dissolve. If the concentration is greater than the solubility, the solution is supersaturated, but this case is not relevant to our comparison. In this case, the concentration (3.00mol/dm³) is less than the solubility (3.10 mol/dm³). Therefore, the solution is unsaturated at 30^\circC because more KNO₃ can dissolve in the solution.

Strong and weak acids can be distinguished by their pH value, electrical conductivity, and reactivity. A conductivity measurement can distinguish between strong and weak acids as strong acids have a higher concentration of H+ and ionize completely in water, resulting in a higher concentration of ions and greater electrical conductivity. Weak acids only partially ionize, resulting in fewer ions and lower electrical conductivity. Generally, all acids turn blue litmus red. Strong acids have lower pH values than weak acids. The pH scale measures the concentration of H+ in a solution, and the more H+ present, the closer the pH is to 0. Thus, measurement of pH can be used to distinguish between strong and weak acids. The measurement of heat of reaction can distinguish between strong and weak acids.Strong acids have a higher enthalpy of neutralization than weak acids. This is because strong acids completely ionize in water, releasing all of their protons (H+ ions), while weak acids have a lower enthalpy of neutralization than strong acids. This is because weak acids only partially ionize, releasing a small fraction of their protons. Consequently, since the use of litmus paper can't tell us how strong a solution is, option B is the correct answer.

Potassium hexacyanoferrate(II) has a complex polymeric structure made up of octahedral [Fe(CN)6]4 centers bonded together by K+ ions. It is a complex salt as well as a potassium hexacyanoferrate(II) is a bridging ligand (a ligand that bonds to two different metals, forming a bridge between them). Hexacyano ⇒ 6 molecules of CN. Hence, because CN is negatively charged, it wil also need 6 positively charged ions(metals) to bond with it. However, since ferrate is already said to be ferrate(II), it implies, 4 positive ions will be needed more, and that should be from potassium. Thus the correct formula for potassium hexacyanoferrate(II) is K\(_4\)Fe(CN)\(_6\)

A spontaneous reaction is a reaction that proceeds on its own in a given set of conditions, without the external addition of energy. Gibbs Free Energy (∆G), is thermodynamic quantity which represents the amount of usable energy available in a system at constant temperature and pressure. A negative value for \DeltaG indicates a spontaneous process; a positive \DeltaG indicates a nonspontaneous process; and a \DeltaG of zero indicates that the system is at equilibrium.This is because it means the system is releasing free energy, moving towards a lower energy state, and thus the reaction can occur without external energy input; essentially, the products have less free energy than the reactants, making the process naturally favourable.

First, write a balanced chemical equation of the reaction: C\(_2\)H\(_5\)OH + 3 O\(_2\) → 2 CO\(_2\) + 3H\(_2\)O 3moles : 2 moles Using n = \(\frac{mass}{Molar mass}\), \(\frac{6}{32}\) : x mole 0.1875 mole : x mole By simple proportion, X = \(\frac{0.1875 X 2}{3}\) X = 0.125 mole

Distillation separates components of a liquid mixture by heating and cooling, which vaporizes and condenses the components based on their boiling points. This technique is often used in industries like pharmaceuticals and fine chemicals. This is better suited for separation mixtures based on differences in boiling points. Recrystallization separates a dissolved solid from a solution by heating the solution until the solvent evaporates, leaving a saturated solution. This technique is often used to purify solids. However, recrystallization is generally considered a better method of achieving high purity of solutes because of higher purity of 99.9% while distillation 99%, less contamination, better separation etc. Nonetheless, the choice between recrystallization and distillation ultimately depends on the specific properties of the solutes. Thus option C is the correct answer