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Mutualism: bacteria in the rumen of ruminants, algae and fungi, etc.

No expanded working has been attached for this question yet. The verified answer is Option A.

the most important abiotic factors that organisms have to adapt to are: low oxygen level and soft substratum

No expanded working has been attached for this question yet. The verified answer is Option C.

From the information given: Mass of crucible = 10g Mass of crucible + soil before heating = 29g Mass of soil before heating = 29 - 10 = 19g Mass of a crucible + soil after heating = 18g Mass of soil after heating = 18 - 10 = 8g Mass of water loss = 19 - 8 = 11g % of water loss = \(\frac{mass of water loss}{Total mass of soil}\times 100\) = \(\frac{11}{19}\times 100\) = 57.89% From the options provided, the closest answer is 60%

- Onchocerciasis, also known as river blindness, is a disease caused by infection with the parasitic worm Onchocerca volvulus. Symptoms include severe itching, bumps under the skin, and blindness. The disease is spread by repeated bites from infected black flies and these can be found virtually anywhere there is flowing water to serve as habitat for larvae. - Schistosomiasis, also known as bilharzia, is a disease caused by parasitic worms. Infection occurs when your skin comes in contact with contaminated freshwater in which certain types of snails that carry schistosomes are living. - Salmonellosis is an infection with a bacteria called Salmonella, Salmonella live in the intestinal tracts of animals, including birds. Commonly caused by contaminated food or water. - Meningitis is an inflammation of the fluid and membranes (meninges) surrounding your brain and spinal cord. The swelling from meningitis typically triggers signs and symptoms such as headache, fever and a stiff neck. Some fungal infections are transmitted by airborne dust particles. In addition, other types of meningitis can be transferred to humans by vectors such as mosquitoes (for example, West Nile virus) or ticks (Lyme disease). The bacteria that cause meningitis are transmitted from person-to-person through droplets of respiratory or throat secretions from carriers. Close and prolonged contact – such as kissing, sneezing or coughing on someone, or living in close quarters with an infected person, facilitates the spread of the disease.

As greenhouse gas emissions blanket the Earth, they trap the sun’s heat. This leads to global warming and climate change. This global warming is caused by increased concentrations of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, mainly from human activities such as burning fossil fuels, and farming. Burning fossil fuels. Deforestation & Tree-Clearing.

Variation is the differences between individuals within a species. This can be by: Inherited or acquired characteristics

Variations can be: Discontinuous or discrete is either/or and is often caused by the presence or absence of a small number if genes. We can all either roll our tongue or not - there's nothing in between. Others are Eye colour, handedness & lobed/lobeless ears. Continuous or quantitative, smoothly grading between two extremes: Hand span, arm length & height.

No expanded working has been attached for this question yet. The verified answer is Option D.

In earthworms, members of the phylum Annelida, the excretory system consists of structural units called nephridia (the singular is nephridium).

No expanded working has been attached for this question yet. The verified answer is Option C.

No expanded working has been attached for this question yet. The verified answer is Option C.

No expanded working has been attached for this question yet. The verified answer is Option B.

DOWN FEATHERS ARE THOSE WHICH HELP TO KEEP THE BIRDS'S BODY WARM. THEY ARE SOFT AND FLUFFY, FOUND ON THE INNER SIDE OF BIRD'S BODY .