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Comparative anatomy is the study of similarities and differences in the anatomy of different species. It indicates that organisms share a common ancestor. Pentadactyl forelimb of vertebrate (see diagram above)

Iron is a key component in the production of chlorophyll, which is essential for photosynthesis. It serves as a component of many vital enzymes such as cytochromes of the electron transport chain, and it is thus required for a wide range of biological functions. In plants, iron is involved in the synthesis of chlorophyll, and it is essential for the maintenance of chloroplast structure and function.

The pituitary gland is known as the "master gland" because it controls the functions of many other endocrine glands in the body. The pituitary gland is a small, pea-sized gland located at the base of the brain, in line with the top of the nose.

Both living and non-living things are matters. Matters are defined to be anything (living nad non-living things) that has mass and occupies space.

Infectious diseases are diseases caused by microorganisms like bacteria, viruses, fungi, or parasites that enter the body and multiply, damaging cells and causing an infection.

Centrioles are organelles that help organize microtubules, cell division, and the assembly of cilia and flagella. Vacuoles are organelles that help cells store, transport, and manage waste. They are found in plant, animal, fungal, and protist cells. Plastids are organelles in plant cells that perform a variety of functions, including photosynthesis, storage, and biosynthesis. Ribosomes are organelles in cells that synthesize proteins by reading messenger RNA (mRNA) and translating the genetic code into amino acids.

Thigmotropism is a directional growth movement which occurs as a mechanosensory response to a touch stimulus. Mechanosensory responses in plants are the ways that plants move or change shape in response to touch, wind, or other mechanical stimuli. Phototropism is the ability of plants to grow towards or away from light, which is a vital adaptive process for plants. Geotropism is the growth of the parts of plants in response to the force of gravity. Hydrotropism is a plant's growth response in which the direction of growth is determined by a stimulus or gradient in water concentration. It is the growth or turning of plant roots towards or away from moisture.

High natality, also known as a high birth rate, is when a population has a high number of births per person in a given amount of time. It's usually measured in relation to the population size, such as the number of births per 1,000 people in a year. High natality, or fertility rate, can lead to overcrowding if the population outgrows the available resources.

Raffia palm and Coconut are common features in tropical rainforests. Desert plants are adapted to survive in regions with high temperature and less moisture content in the soil. Cactus, baobao and acacia trees are examples of desert plants. White and red Mangrove grow mainly at tropical and subtropical latitudes because mangrove trees cannot withstand freezing temperatures. Isoberlinia doka is a hardwood tree native to African tropical savannas and Guinean forest-savanna

Self-pollination is the transfer of pollen grains from the anther to the stigma of the same flower. If the F1 generation self-pollinates, the genotypic ratio of the offspring will depend on the genotype of the F1 generation. The genotypic ratio is 1:2:1 (See diagram above)

Mimicry is a biological phenomenon where organisms that are not closely related resemble each other. This resemblance can be between different species or between individuals of the same species. When an organism resembles another organism to improve its chances of survival, it's called mimicry.

The urinary tubules open into a proximal convoluted tubule to form a U-shaped loop called the loop of Henle. The loop of Henle transfers fluid from the proximal to the distal tubule. The loop of Henle's two main functions are to dilute urine and establish an osmotic gradient.

Continuous variation refers to a characteristic within a species that can vary gradually across a range of values, like height or weight, where individuals can fall anywhere along a spectrum.Discontinuous variation is when a characteristic has a limited number of possible values, and individuals fall into distinct categories. For example, Blood type(People can only have one of the four blood types: A, B, AB, or O), Gender (People are either male or female) , Eye colour (Eyes can only be a certain colour) etc Fingerprints are a type of discontinuous morphological variation, which means that the differences between variants are more qualitative than quantitative. Morphological variations are variations in physical traits or outward appearances. Fingerprints are an important method of forensic science, and recovering partial fingerprints from a crime scene is a common technique

A "blood buffer" refers to a chemical system within the blood, that helps maintain a stable pH level by neutralizing added acids or bases, ensuring proper bodily functions can occur; Plasma is the liquid component of blood, in which the red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets are suspended. Plasma is the component of blood that acts as the major buffer, maintaining a normal pH level that supports cell function.

DNA is the material that contains genes and is the building block of the human body. DNA is made up of two strands that twist into a spiral ladder called a helix. DNA is packaged into chromosomes to protect it and to regulate which genes are accessed and when. Chromosomes are not visible in the cell's nucleus when the cell is not dividing, but they become more tightly packed and visible during cell division.