(a)(i) Thermally generated electrons from the filament are accelerated through high P.d and focused by the focusing cathode to a target. The energy of the impending electrons is converted mostly into heat which conducted through the copper anode. A small percentage of the energy is converted into X-rays which are radiated from the target through the window. (ii) Energy transformation: (b)(i) Hardness is the strength or penetrating power of the x-ray. (ii) Intensity is the energy radiated per unit time per unit area. (c)(i) Uses of x-rays: - Cure of cancer - Radio therapy - Detection of fracture in bones - Radiography - In metals to detect defect and fractures - In agriculture to kill germs - Analytical tool in crystallography - To detect metallic weapons (ii) Hazzards of over-exposure to x-rays; causes - leukemia - tissue damage - cataracts - skin burn or cancer - genetic mutations with undesirable heredity - baldness - graying.